Review of Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications

REVIEW ON MOBILE PRESENCE SERVICES IN SOCIAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS Abstraction—Today broad scopes of nomadic devices are available. As the use and engineering of nomadic devices additions, societal web applications are going popular. An indispensable constituent of this societal web application is nomadic presence service, which maintains each nomadic user’s presence information. The presence information means the current position, GPS location of nomadic user and besides updates the user’s online friend’s information. As the update occur often, figure of message distributed by presence waiter may take to scalability job.To specify this job, scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .A weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. This paper makes a reapprais al on work outing buddy list hunt job.The consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation addition in the hunt cost without compromising hunt satisfaction. Keywords—social web ; nomadic presence service ; presence information ;I. IntroductionMobile computer science is human-computer by which a computing machine is expected to be transported during normal use. This involved nomadic communicating, hardware etc. Chiefly nomadic calculating describes about communicating among client to server, client to other terminal user, waiter to server etc. Today as the engineering and use of cyberspace additions, societal web application/services ( illustrations are Facebook [ 1 ] , Twitter [ 2 ] , buddycloud [ 3 ] , Google latitude [ 4 ] , foursquare [ 5 ] ) go popular in worldwide. Many communications like confab, online concern, informations sharing etc can be done utilizing societal web application/services. Hence, it is inevitable that societal web services will be the following coevals of nomadic cyberspace application. Mobile presence service is one of the of import component in societal web application. Mobile presence service means maintain up-to day of the month presence information of all nomadic user. Presence information includes location, position, activity etc about the nomadic users. Each nomadic user has a list of friend’s list which we can name as buddy list. On the other manus, we can state that buddy list contains the contact information of the user he/she needs to pass on. Each nomadic user in the societal w eb application gets information about their on-line friends/buddies via the presence information. The nomadic user’s position is broadcast automatically to the buddy list whenever the user moves from one position to another. So presentment is an of import portion in societal web application. Most presence services use server bunch engineering, to maximise hunt velocity and minimise the presentment clip. The waiter involved in this communicating, keeps up-to day of the month path of all these presence information sing the nomadic user. There are so many issues in nomadic computer science. Some are deficient bandwidth, require careful usage of practical private web, cell phone signals may do wellness jobs, signal jobs during going, more power ingestion during less signal strength etc. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .Here a weak consistent scheme is used to cut down the presentment traffic. Hence presentment clip can be cut downing. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users. Instantaneous message provides communicating ( online confab ) between two or more users over cyberspace. Microsoft courier, yahoo courier are some of the illustrations for the instant message. Overview of the available characteristics, maps, architecture, protocols used in these popular populace IM web are described. Besides discuss advantages and disadvantages of these IM webs. In societal web application an efficient and scalable server-to-server sheathing architecture called PresenceCloud is used to better the efficiency of nomadic presence services for large-scale societal web. A quorum-based server-to-server architecture is used for efficient buddy list seeking. The comparing consequence shows that PresenceCloud achieves public presentation additions without giving hunt satisfaction. Search satisfaction is defined as the clip it takes to seek for the geting user’s buddy list.II. Different engineeringsThis subdivision describes assorted method or engineerings used in different systems. Here, foremost describes about different characteristics and maps supported by three most popular IM systems: AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo! Messenger. Second describes, in cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. Third describes about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. Finally, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. In [ 6 ] describes different maps and characteristics of three IM systems such as AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger. Instant messaging can be specify a public confab etc. In extra some provide file transportation, webcam use, voice confabs session etc. Here the writer comparing three IM systems ( AIM, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger ) .All of these IM systems uses client-server architecture. Supporting immense figure of user is an of import issue in these IM systems. Two methods are available: 1 is symmetric and other is asymmetric. Each waiter performs indistinguishable maps in symmetric method and in asymmetric method each waiter execute peculiar activity assigned to it like log in, detecting other users, maintain chat room etc. For normal operation AIM uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer attack. Therefore two clients communicate straight without utilizing a confab room. For normal and voice confabs YMSG uses client-server architecture. Through centralised voice chat server YMSG voice traffic is routed. One advantage of utilizing this attack is that within the same confab room it can back up multiple users and each user can stipulate their ain voice specification. For normal operation MSN uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer approach.MSN voice chat session is limited to two individuals. Most of the IM systems have techniques for keeping list of friends. They are called buddy list, allow list and block list. Buddy list contain peoples that a user demand to pass on and supervise their presence. Block list contains peoples that a user demand to barricade communicating with them, it’s besides called black list. Allow li st contains people that a user needs to pass on. MSN, AIM and YMSG contains buddy list and block list.MSN and AIM besides contain allow list. Many web protocols like TCP and IP have used binary representation of informations in byte order. Application bed protocol ( HTTP and SMTP ) have used text-based attack. The advantage of utilizing bye order is that it supports efficient usage of infinite in the web. The advantage of text-based attack is that the representation is closer to human position information and debugging is easier.AIM and YMSG utilizations binary representation for their header.AIM contains two-level binary representation called FLAP and SNAC packages. Fixed length heading and variable length day of the month in FLAP packages. SNAC packages are subtype of FLAP packages that contains fixes length Fieldss followed by a variable information constituent. Fig.1.AIM FLAP and SNAC package format YMSG has individual degree construction for fixed Fieldss followed by variable length Fig.2.YMSG package format One of the of import job in IM suppliers are user send informations at inordinate rate, inundation caused in the web because of useless traffic.TCP provide some protection mechanism against this through congestion control.AIM has a complex algorithm for solve this, but it has different rate ( rates are based on a clip window ) bounds based on message type. The user will be warned, if the client exceeds the rate and if this continues, the waiter will get down dropping message and will unplug the client. YMSG has a bound of three IM per seconds. Another method to minimise the burden is by acquiring rid of idle clients. Each system in IM maintains a keep-alive pulse message: the connexion may be terminated if the client does non supply pulse message or response to the question. In AIM the client must direct this keep-alive message in every minute to the waiter. YMSG contains two types of pulse petition: a primary and a secondary.MSN has client and waiter pulse message. In [ 7 ] paper, to cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent scheme is used. In IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) , the presence waiter is responsible for advising an authorised spectator of the updated presence information. Presence service provides service to entree other user’s presence information such as the user position, activities and so on. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, a user with user equipment entree presence service in IMS. When the user provides information to the presence waiter, so user play the function as presentity and the user accesses other user’s information so it act as a spectator. In IMS, control signaling is carried out by call session control map ( CSCF ) .The presence service process is defined by 3rdcoevals partnership undertaking ( 3GPP ) The presence waiter instantly notifies other users in the contact, when the presence information of a user alterations. If the updates occur more often, so the figure of presentment messages increases. To cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delayed update can be used. In delayed update, when the presence waiter receives the updated presence information, the presence waiter starts a delayed timer with a period T. This period is called delayed threshold. Within the period T, if the presence information is updated, so old information is replaced by the new information. When the timer expires, the presence waiter notifies the spectator of the presence information. Therefore, the presentments for the updates in T are saved. In [ 8 ] mentioned about chord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. A cardinal job that challenges peer-to-peer application is turn uping the node that store a peculiar information point. This paper presents a solution for this by showing chord. The chord provides one operation: given a key, it maps the cardinal onto a node.In peer-to-peer system, the application is distributed without any cardinal control, where the package running equivalent in functionality at each node. The corresponding node is responsible for hive awaying a value associated with the key. Chord uses hashing to delegate keys to allow chord nodes. Each chord node needs merely a few other nodes routing information. Because the routing tabular array is distributed to other nodes. If N-node presented in a system, so each node maintain information merely approximately O ( log N ) other nodes. The chord maintains its routing information as the nodes articulations and leaves a s ystem. In [ 9 ] paper, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. PresenceCloud solve the scalability job called buddy list hunt job. Buddy list hunt job can be defined as the scalability job occurs when presence service is overloaded with buddy hunt message. The PresenceCloud can be used to expeditiously question the system for buddy list hunt. In PresenceCloud design, it consists of three constituents: PresenceCloud waiter sheathing, one-hop caching scheme and directed buddy hunt. When the nomadic user get into the PresenceCloud, the user authenticate to the nomadic presence service. Then the nomadic user opens a TCP connexion to one of the presence waiter. The nomadic user sends a petition to the presence waiter for buddy list hunt. PresenceCloud returns the presence information of the brothers. PresenceCloud is based on grid-quorum system ( size is vn?vn. When a presence waiter joins into the PresenceCloud, it gets an Idaho in the grid and obtains its presence waiter list. Presence server node can take one column and one row of entries. This entry is called the presence waiter list. In the fig: 3, the figure of presence waiter n=9.The PresenceCloud is arranged in grid-quorum with v9?v9 size. The presence waiter node 8 has presence server list { 2,5,7,9 } and 3 has { 1,2,6,9 } . PresenceCloud uses a hoarding scheme to retroflex presence information of each user to better the efficiency of the searching operation. Each presence server node maintains presence information of the affiliated users. When the neighbour establishes a connexion to presence waiter, the cache is updated. When a presence waiter receives a query/request from the nomadic user, it can react non merely from the lucifers from its ain list, but besides provide lucifers from its caches. Fig:3 PresenceCloud Server Overlay The figure of presentment messages increases when the nomadic user often changes its presence information. This buddy list hunt job can be solved by utilizing an algorithm called directed buddy hunt algorithm. This algorithm uses bipartisan sheathing and one-hop caching scheme. This helps PresenceCloud to supply fleet responses for big figure of nomadic user. The algorithm is defined in [ 9 ] .III. ComparisonIn mesh based design, all the presence information at each node is replicated to other nodes. Hence its hunt cost is merely one message. In distributed hash tabular array ( chord based ) , no reproduction ; presence information of a user is merely stored in one presence waiter. Here, each brother must be searched one by one. In PresenceCloud, its hunts buddy list from ain node list and cache list. Besides notifies other users about the new presence information. Simulation consequence is mentioned in [ 9 ] .This paper shows graphical representation of their consequence. Findingss from that graphical representation are: ( I ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the figure of presence message is really low in PresenceCloud. Hence PresenceCloud outperforms all other design. ( two ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the mean seeking messages/user is low in PresenceCloud. That means PresenceCloud requires least message transmittal. ( three ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud additions bit by bit with the figure of presence waiter. ( four ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud is non impacted by the figure of brothers. When analysing hunt satisfaction in waiter architecture, the findings are ; ( I ) Buddy seeking latency grows with the figure of presence waiter in PresenceCloud. Here mesh-based design performs better. ( two ) When the figure of brothers additions, buddy hunt latency is really low in mesh-based design. but suffer to a great extent communicating cost.DecisionFrom the analysis and survey, it’s found that PresenceCloud achieves low hunt latency & A ; shows better public presentation than others. PresenceCloud solve brother list hunt job. Overall, PresenceCloud support a scalable nomadic presence service in big graduated table societal web services.Mentions[ 1 ] Facebook, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.facebook.com. [ 2 ] Twitter, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.twitter.com [ 3 ] Buddycloud, hypertext transfer protocol: //buddycloud.com [ 4 ] Google latitude, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com/imtl/enus/latitude/intro.html [ 5 ] Foursquare, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foursquare.com [ 6 ] R. B. Jennings, E. M. Nahum, D. P. Olshefski, D. Saha, Z.-Y. Shae, and C. Waters, †A survey of cyberspace blink of an eye messaging and confab protocol, † IEEE Network, 2006. . [ 7 ] W.-E. Chen, Y.-B. Lin and R.-H. Liou, †A weakly consistent strategy for ims presence service, †IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communicationss, 2009. [ 8 ] I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, †Chord: A scalable peer-to-peer search service for cyberspace, †IEEE/ACM Tran. on Networking, 2003. [ 9 ] Chi-Jen Wu, Jan-Ming Ho â€Å"A Scalable Server Architecture for Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications, † IEEE minutess on nomadic computer science, 2013

Unfortunate Irony “Hope” Ariel Dorfman

Essay 2 Unfortunate Irony In the poem â€Å"Hope† by Ariel Dorfman the use of irony is what really sets and delivers the mood of this heart wrenching story. The author uses a very straight forward approach in this poem because they are essentially just telling the story, adding loose rhythm and rhyme structure. The best way for the author to get the point of this tragedy across is with subtle but profound irony. The mother and father finding â€Å"joy† in this horrible event is the best example of irony.Irony in my opinion is what can really drive home the feeling of the author or lyricist and is a way to completely change the direction of feeling. In Hope, when the author says â€Å"we couldn’t find out anything else about him†, it’s as if the author’s implying they don’t know where they are taking him, what they are doing with him, or if they’ll ever see him again. The irony in this statement is that we assume that until compl eting the poem and rereading it, that maybe the parents will not get to see the child grow up.The author is speculating this early on that they will not see their child do all those things we have all been able to do and our parents have watched us do. Because they already know and somewhat accept what is going to happen to the child. The author is completely aware of what kind of situation this has brought about. You see this when Ariel says, â€Å"somebody tell me frankly what times are these, what kind of word, what country†. Ariel knows, these are terrible times†¦ This type of irony really reminds of classic and contemporary country lyrics.The one that comes to mind immediately is â€Å"He Stopped Loving Her Today† by George Jones. The story he tells is of a man that’s hopelessly in love with a former lover that no longer loves him. The opening line really sets the tone with Jones’ haunting twang, â€Å"He said I’ll love you till I die, S he said you’ll forget in time. † But as the story explains, he doesn’t. Jones’ lyrics are extremely painful when describing the setting of his home and how he has held on to items that are linked to her. He kept some letters by his bed, Dated 1962, He had underlined in red, Every single I love you. † The verse right before the chorus and the chorus itself are what show the very unfortunate irony. The person telling the story explains how he went to see his friend and he’s â€Å"All dressed up to go away, First time I’d seen him smile in years†, the man had finally found the end to his pain on his way to his own funeral. The chorus, â€Å"He stopped loving her today, They placed a wreath upon his door, And soon they’ll carry him away, He stopped loving her today. To find happiness in such a way just shows how bad the pain actually is, just like in â€Å"Hope†. To find any amount in joy due to horrific pain and sadne ss, is very sad and it is understandable how the family of the child in â€Å"Hope† and the friends of the man in â€Å"He Stopped Loving Her Today† can find joy in these extremely sad and difficult situations The ultimate display of irony in â€Å"Hope† is after Ariel acknowledges the circumstances and situation their family has found themselves in and how to deal with it. They say they recognized his voice, his screams, they say†, this is very powerful and very disturbing. This leads to the ultimate question of this piece, â€Å"What I’m asking is how can it be that a father’s joy, a mother’s joy, is knowing that they, that they are still torturing their son? † And the joy and comfort they find by knowing that if he is being tortured that is still alive and that still leaves a window for hope. Which means that he was alive five months later and our greatest hope will be to find out next year that they’re still torturing him eight months later, and he may†¦ might†¦ could still be alive. † That is unfortunate irony, finding joy in a loved one being tortured because at least there is still hope they will one day be reunited with their child. Works Cited Dorfman, Ariel. â€Å"Hope†. Kirszner/Mandell Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing Jones, George. â€Å"He Stopped Loving Her Today† http://www. cowboylyrics. com/lyrics/jones-george/he-stopped-loving-her-today-18102. html

Lymphedema

Lymphoma Lymphoma is known as lymphatic obstruction, this condition can and will cause fluid retention and tissue swelling. This is caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The 1st incident of lymphoma noted on the records was by Sir William Osler for William Mildly, an American physician, who described a case in 1892, though It was first described by Rudolf Birch In 1863. It Is also known as Mildly disease, None-Mildly-Image syndrome and hereditary lymphoma.In later years any other causes were found such as cancer surgery where nodes were removed resulting In the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic testing we have found mixed deemed such as the person who has the genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn't have It In childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed It later In life, which Is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma Is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Allemande. He was diagnosed -In 2 007 but for 4 years no one knows what was wrong with him.Now that he has been diagnosed we are working to control the fluid and the growth. With his condition it has affected his left leg. This condition has changed his whole life. He had to change his diet, clothing, his fluid intake, travel and even his soap. This is a condition that he may have to live with the rest of his life. I say may b/c I believe there will be a cure or if not a cure and plan to protect this condition from taking over the body the way it does. With having Lymphoma you need to do therapy at least 3-5 days a week depends on what yourDoctor puts you on. Therapy consist of massaging the lymph nodes starting from the neck to the shoulders to under the breast to the armpit down to the waist to groin to the inner to outside portion of the thighs and work your way down to the knee to the ankle. The progress is repeated starting from the ankle to the neck once you complete one side if the body you will start on the other side. Once the massage is complete for the whole body is now time to wrap the affected portion of the body (the leg) with bandages. The bandages are applied to retain reduction.There are efferent types are bandages one type is foam which works better for my boyfriend so he can bend is leg. When you are wrapped you are constricted to movement. I do believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution In the development or care and medicine. Thankful all for you time If you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition though it was first described by Rudolf Birch in 1863. It is also known as Mildly resulting in the term secondary lymphoma.In the last few years with genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn't have it in childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed it later in life, which is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Lymphatic. He was diagnosed -in 2007 but for 4 years believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution in Thank you all for you time if you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition

Comparison of the characters in Sleepy Hollow Movie Review

Comparison of the characters in Sleepy Hollow - Movie Review Example Comparison of the characters in "Sleepy Hollow" From here, Burton depicts the spectrum of rationality and irrationality in what is true. Truth is both irrational and rational, wherein Burton uses sound, lighting, shadows, camera angles and shots, mise-en-scene, and characters to show that people should go beyond appearance and balance rational and supernatural beliefs because they lead to open-mindedness and critical thinking that are essential in finding the truth. Conflicts between appearance and substance are depicted through sounds, as they increase suspense over the mystery of the town and its characters. Diegetic sounds explore the contest between what is and what is not. The signing of the will should signify calmness because of the preparation for the future, and yet the music that plays diegetically produces a suspenseful mood, which serves as the foreshadowing of the horror genre of the story. In the scene where Van Garrett (Dirk Van Garrett) runs for his life, the music becomes more upbeat, as if he would escape, but he does not. The music contrasts with what is happening to the plot to enhance the viewers’ anticipation. Non-diegetic sounds further amplify the difference between substance and appearance. Van Garrett tries to evade the Horseman, and the bristles of the corn stalks can be seen. These sounds are natural, but the plot is about the supernatural. Thunder cuts in to show the appearance of the pumpkin scarecrow. This sound breaks off the natural from the supernatural. It prepares the audience for the real horror ahead, the slashing of Van Garrett’s head. Another example is the hooting of the owl, right after the scene where Ichabod reveals to Baltus Van Tassel’s (Michael Gambon) group that Widow Winship (Layla Alexander) is pregnant. The owl’s sounds indicate that Ichabod is increasing his knowledge, but it is also a sarcastic sound, because of the little he knows. These sounds support the differences between what is real and what is not. Aside from sounds, cam era angles and shots portray the disparities between appearance and substance. Camera angles of characters depict their personalities and motives. When Ichabod urges the Burgomaster (Christopher Lee) to shift their archaic means of resolving crimes to scientific methods, the camera shows the latter in an eye level angle, illustrating him as an equal to his viewers. The angle indicates that he sees every accused as equal too, until a scientific criminal investigation proves otherwise. On the opposite, the High Constable (Alun Armstrong) and Burgomaster are at low camera angle to depict their high social stature. Their high social positions, however, are deceiving, because they are a shame to their professions. The Burgomaster mocks Ichabod’s scientific means by sending him to a faraway rural county, while the High Constable forces Ichabod to â€Å"stand down† from criticizing his management practices (Sleepy Hollow). These shots signify the belief that appearance is not everything. Camera shots are also significant in supporting clashes between realities and lies. Martin Kevorkian believes that Burton’s Ichabod faithfully reflects Irving’s Ichabod through the ironies of the former (28). When Ichabod finishes his post-mortem analysis of Widow Winship’s body, he exclaims to onlookers that they are â€Å"dealing with a mad man† (Sleepy Hollow). With blood all over his clothing and face, he looks like a mad man too. The effect is a play on truth and deception, where Ichabod may look mad himself, but he is dedicated on

Report On Product Costing For Dumbellow Ltd Essay

Report On Product Costing For Dumbellow Ltd - Essay Example Furthermore, the production manager considered re-organization of production activities and also the use of a cheaper component of product Z. though all these proposals are viable; they have various shortcomings which may outweigh their expected benefit. In addition, a comparison of marginal costing and full costing (absorption costing) is dealt with in this report. The advantages of using marginal costing instead of full costing, in decision making, are discussed. In conclusion, the shortcomings of the analyses of various proposals examined in this report are identified. Recommendations on the best way to handle the case of product Z are also discussed at the end of this report. Key strategies that were recommended include reorganization of the production processes and the termination of the product. 2.0 Background Information Dumbellow Ltd is a manufacturing company that produces three industrial valves which are incorporated into equipment used in the Oil and Gas industry. The boa rd of Directors of the company is meeting on 3rd of October to discuss the draft budget for the following year, a few months before the start of that calendar and financial year. They are concerned about two issues; the deterioration of product Z in terms of its profitability in the present period and the financial year and the failure of the company to make a total profit of at least ?400k to meet their required 20% return on capital. Owing to the dissatisfaction of the board, the managers of Dumbellow Ltd raised varying proposals on ways to boost the profitability of the company. These diverse views prompted the formation of a group of five members with an objective of writing this report and making recommendations to the board on the most optimal course of action (Lewis, 2001). 3.0 Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing Marginal costing, unlike full costing, focuses on the additional costs of producing one ore more units of a product or service. Under this method, the cost of ma terials and labour are the only components which make up the marginal cost. Other costs such as rent and taxes are considered fixed since they will have been covered. For this reason, marginal cost is easier to compute and thus preferable for quick decision making. Besides saving on time, marginal costing it helps in the generation of additional profit. Every organization aims at maximizing profits which in turn facilitates growth of the business organization. One of the ways of maximizing profits is through reduction or minimization of costs, mostly the costs of production. Dumbellow ltd, for example, through marginal costing can utilize the spare capacity available to produce more of their products. In this case, fixed costs will not be considered since they are already paid; only labour and material costs matters. This enables managers to see quick means of generating extra profit. However, if full costing is used by the company to access the cost of producing extra units, it wil l be found unprofitable or t result in negligible profits because of fixed costs included and it will require a lo of time (Elliot & Elliot, 2004). Marginal costing brings about better performances but significant risk is experienced. Businesses using full costing sets their prices by ensuring that all costs are covered and a profit margin is also included. This calculated profit

Production Efficiency under the impact of Employee Training Research Proposal

Production Efficiency under the impact of Employee Training - Research Proposal Example Researches reveal that production efficiency (referred to as efficiency further on in this assignment), is significantly influenced by the variation in employee training, attitudes, and wages that employees receive. Conveniently concluding the discussion, as analyzed from the various literatures, it will not be wrong to suggest that: Over the years, researches reveal that these variables though are effective in enhancing the production efficiency, but each has a particular threshold level, beyond which, the concepts of diminishing returns start taking over. As this literature review moves on, it can be seen how valid this argument is prior to proceeding with the primary research about the same. It is worth mentioning here that the three impacts under consideration have been title of various human resource management books, which goes to show the depth of matter available on these; however, this research, due to constraints of time and other resources, has tried to gather a crux of these literatures.   2.2 Impact of Employee Training on Production Efficiency abc   2.3 Impact of Employee Attitude on Production Efficiencyabc 2.4 Impact of Employee Wages on Production Efficiencyabc   

International business Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business - Dissertation Example The proposed research is about an investigation of the Chinese business environment with a view of determining how international businesses can achieve effective management of their operations within this market. This research will be attained through a scientific study through the application of research methodology. The findings will be analyzed and discussed with an aim of answering the research questions in the most effective manner. Literature Review In accordance to Pranee (2009, p. 15), the globalization of the world economy has caused companies to internationalize so that they would expand their operations and have a large share in the world market. China is a country with many business opportunities in addition to its large market. Because of this many international companies have endeavored to invest their capital within the Chinese market. Quer, Claver and Rienda (2007, p. 360) explain that these companies have however been challenged by the legal, political, economic and cultural framework within the Chinese society. Shi and Wright (2001, p. 364) point out that previous research on the Chinese market reveals that international companies which have achieved success in the Chinese market have achieved this through the implementation of appropriate approaches in the management of international business. ... Additionally, legal and political compliance by international businesses in China has played a major role in defining the success of companies which operate in the Chinese market (Pranee, 2009, p. 25). For example the management of successful international companies and businesses in China include communication and interpersonal relationships which are adherent to the Chinese cultural environment. This is important because managers of international business in China are mandated to manage the local employees effectively to ensure that they are motivated for creativity, innovativeness and increased productivity (Shi and Wright, 2001, p. 368). More significantly, business negotiations of international companies with their Chinese partners must be managed effectively in order to ensure success of deals. Wright, Szeto and Lee (2003, p. 187) demonstrates that during negotiations, the cultural behavior of the local partners must be adhered to in regards to communication, dressing and meeti ng etiquette. Methodology According to Panneerselvam (2004), a mixed research methodology is proposed for the study. Mixed research methodologies include the application of qualitative and quantitative research approaches in a scientific study. Through a mixed research methodology both qualitative and quantitative data on the research topic will be collected and analyzed for discussions and presentation of findings. The research design is a case study of China. The collection of data will involve secondary sources through which collection of quantifiable and qualitative data will be achieved. This data will be analyzed through a comparative analysis approach so that conclusive evidence will be obtained on the most effective management approaches in the management of international business

Critical Awareness of Values and Ethics Case study Essay

Critical Awareness of Values and Ethics Case study - Essay Example All three key figures - the two deceased and the murderer - in the incident have a history of disrespect for the sanctity of marriage. Joe Korp was in two marital relationships before his affair with Tania Herman. Both Maria De Gois and Tania Herman did not consider having an affair with a married man a serious moral violation. The defence of Maria's consent to feature on an internet swinger's site by her relatives as an attempt to 'save' a troubled marriage is laughable. You cannot save a marriage by cutting it to pieces. The whole saga is testimony to the devastating effects of the neglect of family values and marital commitment. The second issue is the narrow materialistic viewpoint with which the whole incident was evaluated by the whole system - the families of the deceased, the media, and even the Supreme Court judge. Financial gain was definitely one of the motivations for Joe Korps conspiracy of killing his wife. Finally an issue that pops up is the propriety of removing life support systems for a patient who is not dead but is given up for dead by the doctors. There are various arguments both for and against mercy killing (Eckels,2005). This is an important issue, but I would not consider it central in this context. The deed had been done. Maria was never coming back. Whether she was living dead or 'dead' dead is a non-issue here although at another time or place it needs to be debated. Challenges to my values and morals: I cannot fathom the thought process of a self respecting man who decides to abandon his family for the sake of another lover. This is selfishness at its peak. To me this was the most devastating link in the whole chain of events that took place in Joe Korp's life. It opened him out to the possibilities that lay outside of the boundaries that one keeps for oneself. The murderous attempt on Maria was nothing but the logical conclusion of this thought process. When one chooses to rationalize to one's own self actions which are completely wrong, there is a whole paradigm shift in our own morality which leads to a vicious cycle resulting in even more grievous actions. Maria Korp was a tragic victim of her husband's financial aspirations and emotional hunger. No one deserves to be killed, but I cannot help thinking that somewhere a certain responsibility for her own undoing lays on her. Till she came along Joe Korp was a married man with a family. Wasn't it she who opened him up to the possibility of unfaithfulness Was there not insensitivity not just to the unfortunate Leonie but also to her children Maria Korp thought nothing of permanently destabilising the lives of three other people for her own sake. Steve Deegan defended his sister Tania by describing her as vulnerable and unlucky in love. However how can one accept anyone justifying an act of attempting to kill another person on these grounds Disregard for the life of another is unacceptable. Needless to say she too displayed the same insensitivity to the needs and rights of others. Although one can argue that she did not know Joe was married. How can one explain the fact that she not only stuck with him after having been lied to by him, but also aided him in his desire to murder his wife The financial gain

Police Ethical Conduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Police Ethical Conduct - Research Paper Example The ethical codes of conduct of the police or the law enforcement officers have a significant role to play in the work of the police. One of the primary reasons requiring such ethical code is that the public, in general, would not accept a police department that is corrupted. The concept of ethics in this regard is associated with corruption, failure to act, gifts, and gratuities. In the recent times, in several countries including the United States, the corruption levels of the police officers have increased to great extents. Such corruption examples include officers not acting on criminal activities, acceptance of bribes, providing information that may put at risk an enquiry to issues or suspects of the investigation, involvement in the mission of a crime, making complaints that are fake and initiating actions by the court, failure to bear witness precisely, and forgery of police reports or official declarations for search or arrest warrants (Stering, 2004, p.37). The need for ethi cal police conduct is essential since if one police officer gets corrupted, it has a significant effect on other officers as well. In general, the public has a belief that the police are involved in corrupt activities and that they try to protect each other in their personal interests. However, police officers have been found to be proud of their profession and they tend to have values for the integrity and respect that are associated with their work. Generally, they try to perform their activities professionally and without being involved in corruption, such involvements meaning exception (Stering, 2004, p.37). The present study thus focuses on the ethical codes of conduct of the police officers also discussing the causes behind officers undertaking unethical decisions. Police Ethical Code of Conduct: The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics was in the beginning considered as an oath of a police officer rather than as an established code of ethics. However, there was an aspiration of hav ing an oath of office that could be used for graduation ceremonies. This desire led to the creation of a separate code of ethics and conduct for the law enforcement officers and the police.

FILM APPRECIATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FILM APPRECIATION - Essay Example The very facets that are used to rule society are a reflection of that dominant society’s social views and behaviors. What are ruling ideas and how do they coincide with ideology? Ruling ideas like individualism, honor, competitiveness, and duality mirror the idealized perceptions of the current dominant class in any given time period. This is important because it reveals the power that that class holds over society, thus enabling a governing body to manipulate them. Marx’s definition of ideology is the idea that can be used to manipulate society. Why does Marx and Engel focus on the bourgeois class? The bourgeois class holds power, which is a subsidiary of wealth, education and exposure to a variety of elements in the real world. Their ideas are key over the lower class because they are the ones who directly or indirectly shape society the most. What is â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses†? An essay written by Louis Althusser that depicts ideology a s a fortifying notion that encourages people to succumb to a state of oppression through their invented identify of themselves vs. who they are in reality based on â€Å"experience, consciousness, and subjectivity† (2). ... A school established in Frankfurt, Germany in 1923 whose theorists construed that cultural artifacts maintained the connection between mass culture and its realistic view on life in an industrial society. How does Walter Benjamin’s believes differ from Marx and Althusser? How has film supported his viewpoint? Benjamin says that mass culture has the ability to judge itself and they will if given the proper tools. Film creates flash images, or a rush of pictures that equate to self-analysis like reflections in sports by fans (Frankfurt 4). More members of society have access to film over high art and film makes it easier to analyze societal behavior. How is ideology applied to films like Rambo? Labels and stereotypes that ideology envelops in specific cultures can be mimicked or imitated in films. For example, Rambo (although fictional) portrays society’s real issues of sexism, racism and militarism. It acts like a mirror, like a checklist. The film represents the listed problems of society by portraying women as whores and a black man as â€Å"evil† because he combats Rambo (Reading 2-3). This is what ideology is, a reflection of the mass culture in reality. Psychoanalysis http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road- Movies/Psychoanalysis.html 10 Questions What is psychoanalysis and who founded it? Psychoanalysis is a term coined by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer that refers to the study of the unconscious part of the human mind. If the unconscious exists then that correlates with the fact that humans are restricted in their self-awareness. People are not in complete control of their thoughts and emotions. Dreaming is a product of the unconscious mind, but how does it relate to psychoanalysis? In what text did it first

Analysis of Talent Seek Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis of Talent Seek - Essay Example Notably, it has an elaborate review process that ensures that candidates reaching the final stage and those that are ultimately employed are competent. According to Alex (2005), this is elemental in ensuring that client needs are addressed accordingly. However, the lengthy process is bureaucratic and to a great extent, it prevents the organization from keeping up with the marketplace. For instance, the number of times that screening of final candidates is done is unnecessarily high. The company needs to provide a single comprehensive guide that can enable it to undertake two screening tests at most. This will help it save time and resources without compromising the quality of its services. After the first interview, the company needs to prioritize quick feedback to its clients. Information provided in a timely manner would enable the clients to make timely decisions regarding the next course of action. Talent Seek also needs to explore electronic approaches while seeking for eligible applicants before the first interview. Compared to paper forms, this is more efficient. Customized programs can ease relative operations and attract competent applicants. Then, the recruitment manager needs to establish definite ways of seeking for vacancies. He can attain this by establishing and nurturing viable relationships with potential clients. Through these relations, he can be able to get relevant information regarding available vacancies in a timely manner. Any follow up for clarification should then be done through phones. Compared to emails, this is more reliable and provides sufficient information, thus saving time and resources. Talent Seek also needs to develop a comprehensive applicant’s database and store relevant information therein.

My Ethical Beliefs Essay Example for Free

My Ethical Beliefs Essay As I sat down to write this paper, I really struggled to get it started with this definition. It is one of those things that if spoken about, you know what it is, but the minute you are asked to break it down, the task is not easy. I guess I will begin by saying that ethics is what is generally accepted as right, or correct. Even though ethics are usually use simultaneously with morals, I think morals are more inherited and personal while ethics are what the majority of people in one culture deem to be ethical. In a way, ethics are like a set of rules that govern human behaviors and serve as a basis for right conduct principles. After reviewing the ethical approaches, a few stood out to me as being relevant to my personal beliefs. The first that I recognized was the justice approach for its use of fairness. When I am trying to resolve a problem I always try to weigh the good with the bad as in this approach. The justice approach ultimately asks the question, â€Å"Is this a fair distribution of benefits and burdens?†, which I think is just that. You have to consider how much good or harm will come of your decision. I think that this approach is very important to apply in the classroom. I learned that fair and just does not always mean everyone gets what they want. There are going to be plenty of times when a situation will not have a solution that makes everyone happy, but that is where the justice approach comes into play. In the classroom, I think it is important for teachers to sometimes take their emotions out of a situation and really see it for what it is instead of thinking who will be mad or upset about a decision. For example, if there are ten students out of a class of 30 that can not complete a project on the day it was due for any reason even though it had been clearly set with time in advance, then according to this approach, the teacher may push the due date further down since all the students would benefit from it and the students grades would be harmed if it was not changed. However, the teacher might offer the students that did the project on time to have extra credit or might just penalize the ten students slightly in order to keep it fair for everyone. The other approach that sticks out to me was the one relating to virtues. I like to think that I am non judgemental and respect people’s beliefs but when it comes to making my own decisions, I definitely search within my own beliefs to make choices. The virtue approach asks if your decision reflects the person you want to be which or the views of an organization you represent. I try to hold myself up to a high standard of morality and I find this approach matches that concept well. Every teacher has their own unique style of teaching and their own beliefs, and there is nothing wrong with that. It is actually very important for students to experience different type of people as their teachers so that they can experience how different people can be. When it comes to this virtues approach, I feel like this concept could be hard to implement. Not always, but I believe sometimes teachers have to put aside their own morals to deal with certain situations. But, on the other hand, I think going by this approach can also be helpful, if a teacher has good morals, they are more likely to make good decisions. An example of this could be in a situation where a student acts out in class but you know it is a result of a negative situation that occurred in their home. In most cases, a teacher might scold that child and not take anything else into consideration, but if a teacher were to search into her/his own virtues and try to work out the situation with the student since they know it is not coming from a malicious place. There may be much more than just two options offered as a solution in any given situation. For this reason, teachers have the Florida Department of Education Code of Ethics by which we go by. This code of ethics is set up as a way to set a standard. Not everyone has the same set of morals and ethics but by writing this code the department of education they make it clear to all teachers that in order to work as a teacher in the state of Florida, then you must abide by their rules. The code holds teachers accountable for their actions without any gray areas. It is applied to all teachers in the public school system and affects them directly for that reason. As future teachers, we need to accept that even if we do not always agree with it, we have to abide by the rules in the code of ethics. The guide will dictate how to go about many of the situations we may encounter in our classrooms. Therefore, the Florida Department of Education Code of Ethics is vital to our profession.

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay

Management In Hsbc Uk Plc Management Essay Leadership is one of the complex roles in the corporate society, it is a complete connection of power and management .Leadership and Management are the two branches of one tree, where management is more related to goal or result driven practices and whereas the leadership is to take with the employment driven work. Therefore leadership and management both are requiring to give a company is effective foundation. Leadership is more of an individual power, whereas the management is to understand the requirements of the employees and get them satisfaction in achievements. Leadership can be explained with few theories .in the following sections it will briefly described: Transformational Theory (Leadership Style) Transactional Theory (Management Style) HSBC UK PLC is been very clear toward its way its treat its customer, owners and shareholders. The leadership in HSBC is not only providing stable environment for the employees but also for the communities .HSBC key principle is key business value The way the management work is to get and deliver the best. To expect and demand the best result from the employees. The leadership in HSBC has four main pillars, which has not only made them very competitive but also highly motivated. The four pillars of HSBC are following: COMMITMENTS LOYALTY HARDWORK INTEGRITY HSBC has a clear view of the outcome from the employee .HSBC UK PLC believe in high productivity through highly committed team. The team in HSBC will always be very productive ,loyal to the company and highly professional.Therfore the steps taken by the management and the team leaders are well supported by the team members and well appreciated it not only that they feel sense of achievement in their respective work. HSBC has a transparent process for the team members to provide them support in the work by listening and then getting feedback from them. Thus through this leadership style there is an absolute increase the performance and day to day productivity. In the following parts of the report it is the purpose to provide elaborate analysis of the factors affecting the leadership and management style in HSBC UK PLC. ANALYSIS OF THE LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLES IN THE HSBC UK PLC The time and the decade we living in right now is very fascinating as there is so much changing, when there is everything being asked for a reason, challenging environment. Where the long history of banks culture and ideas has been brought to the table and been re-think and turned. Most of the issues are been co-related to the leadership style, there is a big relation between a company progress and the leadership style they adapt. At the moment HSBC is been facing so much challenges, where there is a huge uncertainties and great risk in everything. The current environment has so many challenges with European debt and future of euro fading. There are largely necessary action has been taken by the HSBC to resolve things and to make it less volatile. These effect the key role of the leadership and management in HSBC ,with so many challenges comes every day to them, its hard for a leader in HSBC to make decision which will not only affects its position in market but also stockholders. Currently the leadership style is to follow the mood of the public rather than taking a survey of them, they giving them what they like .The current situation is to play with the emotions with the public and hence getting the results . They are few key things which a leader and management in HSBC UK PLC have particular influences: Stockholders FSA(Financial Service Authority) Customers Staff Environment/ politics The stockholders are been equally take care of and also the regulators has been given enough details of the operations. It has helped them to create equity and security for a disaster time, the key area of management in HSBC UK is to reduce the risk equality in each case. Where they can increase liquidity and decrease the toxic assets. There are few hurdles also but with the right management and leadership going on it wont be talk of the past soon. Though they are few points mentioning which included giving out more information to each staff, so that they can become more expertise about the field and can reduce risk and not to forget the important part is to check the stress of the employee with the HSBC UK history. It has always given priority to its employee though few more points like communication and transparency between the team is equally essential. It has a become a primary goal of the leaders and management in HSBC UK to constrain the problems and deal it with more critical and suitable way. The objective has become more growth oriented and need adequate support of each employee. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN HSBC UK PLC HSBC UK PLC was first incorporated in England and wales in 1990 and its headquarter is here in London since 1993.The headquarters was in Hong Kong before till 1992 when it was forced to move out because of acquisition with in recent past it has acquired few acquisitions in china getting its few connection back. In the year 2002 it came up with a campaign which has USP with its all competitors The world local bank. HSBC PLC has around 1000 branches throughout uk and also have presence in Ireland and wales.HSBC also is the first bank in uk to provide assistance in lending with Islamic law of sharia ,which doesnt allow the bank to charge any interest which is called HSBC AMANAH . During all these operation and function leaders and management has a critical role to play. They have to go through various factors. In this we are going to talk about the two factors: Internal Elements External Elements INTERNAL ELEMENTS In HSBC UK PLC it is been affected with the internal factors, which has employees, team leaders and the culture with the office. There are other factors too but as a leaders and management there are few specific factors which affects them. These are the following elements: Corporate culture within the office Policies Ethics Structures CORPORATE CULTURE: In HSBC is move of value and beliefs that they want everyone to commit. As mentioned before the HSBC like to keep the best employee and treat them as family. The culture in HSBC is to support and understand the employee also to give them the opportunity to grow there carrier, they also have high rate modality in which performance is based on. POLICIES: The leaders and managements makes sure that the policies been driven by the company are clearly symbolization of their culture. The management in HSBC has always made sure that there policies are very transparent and each and every product should be designed in such a way that it is very easy, understandable and fair for customers. ETHICS: In HSBC the leaders take ethics way of controlling and stabilizing the bank values and beliefs. The leadership style is much more and everyone gets to say there ideas, They believe in brainstorming to get better results which will not only bring efficiency in the results but also marks the personality of the employee. STRUCTURE : The structure in HSBC UK PLC is quite higharchial .The leaders and management decides how much and what kind of information will be passed through the organisation and also determines the responsibility of each departments and there responsibility and who is responsible in making decisions .Though it has very horizontal structure. The management has always helps the employee to get better out in the competition of best or the survival of the fittest. EXTERNAL ELEMENTS : In HSBC UK PLC external elements are factors that influence the decisions of the leaders and managements in the bank. It also depends upon the success of their hard work. External elements can be break down into following: TECHNOLOGY POLITICS CURRENT ECONOMY COMPETETIONS In HSBC UK PLC technology is the main stream to connect with customers also it helps them provide better service. The leaders in HSBC UK PLC has made sure they are always up to date with the technology .Therefore the customers can access to all services, the online banking systems with also password protected keypads is a great example of the technology used by HSBC UK PLC. The HSBC UK PLC has grown so much in past years and it has so much more to do and to achieve that it also has to go through regulation, which are been govern by FSA .FSA has very very strict regulation and legal framework with which HSBC is been following through there is been news that in some of the countries there is been some illegal activities but for which HSBC has put up investigation on tithe HSBC UK PLC policies and terms has been drawn in taking government regulation in Banking. Economy is also has a huge influence in HSBC UK Plc., the inflation, adverse effect worldwide has strong impact on the organistaion.The interest rate has great effect on UK, which also brings all uncertainties in the final outcomes of HSBC UK PLC results but with all these conditions HSBC UK PLC has to take all its competition from all banks, which at the moment HSBC UK PLC leaders and management has made good deal and produce very good results. CONCLUSIONS From the finding and analysis it can be concluded that leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC is most essential and strongest bond that has hold it in banking and financial organisation world. It has moved to all over to UK and operates a full service bank, with really effective and efficient leadership and quality managements the value and beliefs has been driven tremendously brilliant .The higharchy in the bank has also given a sense of satisfaction and feeling of loyalty toward the company. The employee has work very effectively and hence producing great result. The HSBC UK PLC has done their job very well in keeping company aims, vision, goals and objectives alive. There is uniqueness in leadership and management in HSBC UK PLC that is they always think of future and they are very sustainable about their future here, starting from small to large business investments. Therefore with growing completion and challenges the HSBC leadership needs to be connected to the inside operation of the company. Eventually it will affect the outcome of the organisation. It is also important for the leaders to manage more on employees by keeping them informed but also giving them more knowledge about global industry .By doing this the management will have more knowledge about their employee and can giving exact decision of what to be done for the employee to keep them motivated and satisfied and as mentioned above the culture will play a crucial part in defining efficiency of organisation. HSBC UK plc. is a garden of different beautiful culture ,if it not been passed orderly it could result in disaster .Therefore proper action should be taken that employee from the different culture are taken seriously. Hence the HSBC UK PLC will improve its position and sustainability.

The Impact Of Using Athletes As Celebrity Endorsers Marketing Essay

The Impact Of Using Athletes As Celebrity Endorsers Marketing Essay The Sports industry is a highly valued form of social interaction in the United Kingdom and around the world. Major sports events attract millions of viewers and trigger strong opinions. Athletes are perceived as role models and consumers tend to believe athletes, especially those with a positive public image. But does the use of athletes in celebrity endorsements always impact on the purchasing decisions of consumers? Endorsement advertising is a strong weapon in the promotion of products and services. The use of celebrities as endorsers is one of its most popular forms of advertising by many organisations. According to Sliburyte (2009) empirical evidence indicates that approximately 20 to 25% of advertisements feature some famous person as a product endorser. Many organisations have the notion that using athletes as celebrity endorsers will lead to successful selling of their products to consumers. According to Fill (2002) celebrities are used to enable the message being conveyed to stand out among the clutter and noise that typifies many markets. While it has been proven by great deals of academic literatures, that the use of celebrities in advertising generates a lot of publicity and attention from the public, this research is focused on some arguments still needed to be explored further. For an instance, what is the combination of celebrity and products or services being endorsed? How consistent are consumers purchasing behaviours regarding the endorsed product and does negative media involving the celebrity impact on consumers buying behaviours of the product. For this reason, it is of great interest to investigate this topic further. Atkin Block (1983) pointed out there were two reasons why celebrity endorsers have gained so much popularity; They are traditionally viewed as being highly dynamic, having both attractive and likeable qualities. Their fame is thought to attract attention to the product It is the aim of this dissertation to integrate the research on branding, endorsement and consumer behaviour in order to study the impact of the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers in advertisements; to find out how consumers view these advertisements by measuring their attitudes toward the advertisement and the celebrity and their purchased intentions towards the endorsed items. For this research, Adidas and Gillette, two companies regularly using celebrities in endorsing their products will be analysed to demonstrate the impact the use of celebrities in advertising their brand has on consumer purchasing behaviours. Gillette is a brand of Procter Gamble currently used for safety razors, among other personal hygiene products. The company is based in Boston, Massachusetts and is one of several brands originally owned by The Gillette Company, a leading global supplier of products under various brands, which was acquired by PG in 2005. Their slogan is, The Best a Man Can Get (Gillette.com) On the other hand, Adidas AG is a German-based sports apparel manufacturer and parent company of the Adidas Group, which consists of the Reebok sportswear company, Taylor Made-adidas golf company, and Rockport. The company is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe and the second biggest sportswear manufacturer in the world, after its U.S. rival Nike (adidas.com) This research will focus on a series of advertisements on TV, and Magazine by celebrities; Tiger Woods Thierry Henry for Gillette and David Beckham for Adidas and the impact of these advertisements on motivation to buy and evaluation of usage by consumers. The choice to use these athletes in the analysis is simply because of the negative press they have had in the past. To reach this, the following research questions will be asked: Why do organisations use athletes as celebrity endorsers? How are the athletes selected? How can the risks of using athlete endorsers be described? What does the celebrity represent and what does the advertiser want to communicate with the buyer when they see the celebrity promoting the product. Hypotheses are as follow: Organisations use athletes as celebrity endorsers to increase the brand image and identity of the product. Consumers are likely to purchase the products once they see it has been advertised by a celebrity. Should the lifestyle of the celebrity change, this will impact on consumers attitude to the brand and purchasing behaviour. SOURCES Books Aaker, D.A (1991) Managing brand equity; Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York: The free press Aaker, D.A (1996) Building Strong Brands, New York: The Free Press Belch, G.E. Belch, M.A. (1999), Advertising and Promotion An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. Boston: McGraw-Hill Fill, C (2002) Marketing Communications; Context, Strategies and Applications. 3rd Ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Tellis, G.J., (1998), Advertising and sales promotion strategy. Reading: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. Online Journals Atkins, C Block, M (1983), Effectiveness of celebrity endorsers. Journal of advertising research, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 57-61 Available from: Accessed on 26/03/2010 Charbonneau, J. Garland, R., (2005), Talent, looks or Brains? New Zealand Advertising Practitioners Views on Celebrity and Athlete Endorsers. Marketing Bulletin, Vol.16, No.3, pp.1-10 Available from: Accessed on 04/04/2010 Friedman, H Friedman, L. (1979), Endorser effectiveness by product type, Journal of advertising research, Vol.19, No.5 pp.63-71 Available from: Accessed on 27/03/2010 Floyd, A.G.,(1999), An examination of the three-order hierarchy model. Theories of persuasive communication and consumer decision making. Vol.4, No.1, pp.20-32 Available from: Accessed on 29/03/2010 Kahle, L.R., Homer, P.M. (1985), Physical attractiveness of the celebrity endorser: a social adaptation perspective, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 11 pp.954-61. Available from: Accessed on 29/03/2010 Kelman, H.C.,(1961), Process of opinion change. Public opinions quarterly, Vol.25, pp.57-58 Available from: Accessed on 28/03/2010 Langmeyer, L Shank, M.(1994), Managing beauty-products and people, Journal of product brand management, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.27-38 Available from: Accessed on 29/03/2010 McCracken, G. (1989), Who is the celebrity endorser? Cultural foundations of the endorsement process, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.310-21. Available from: Accessed on 27/03/2010 Ohanian, R., (1990), Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising. Vol.19. No.3, pp.39-52 Available from: Accessed on 28/03/2010 Ohanian, R., (1991), The impact of celebrity spokespersons perceived image on consumers intention to purchase, Journal of Advertising research. Vol.13. No.1, pp.46-55 Available from: Accessed on 28/03/2010 Petty, R.E. et al. (1983), Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: the moderating role of involvement, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 10 pp.135-46. Available from: Accessed on 27/03/2010 Sliburyte, L. (2009), How celebrities can be used in advertising to the best advantage. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 5 August 2009. Available from: Accessed on 26/03/2010 Till, B.D. Shrimp, T.A. (1995), Can negative celebrity information hurt the endorsed brand?, Proceedings of AMA Winter Educators Conference, pp.154-5. Available from: Accessed on 29/03/2010 White, D.W et al (2009) The effects of negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship, International Journal of retail and distribution management, Vol.37 No.4, pp.322-335 Available from: Accessed on 28/03/2010 INTERNET SOURCES Adidas (2010) Online Available from : Accessed on 05/04/2010 Forbes (2010) Online Available from: Accessed on 09/04/2010 Gillette (2010) Online Available from : Accessed on 05/04/2010 Morin, R (2002), When celebrity endorsers go bad [online]. Washington Post. Available from: Accessed on 30/03/2010 Playing field promotions (2010) Online Available from: Accessed on 05/04/2010 XE Currency Converter (2010) Online Available from: Accessed on 09/04/2010 LITERATURE REVIEW The review of literature will focus on the theories of celebrity endorsements in sports, advertising and the theory of brand perception as well as the models used in celebrity selection. The history of the use of celebrities as endorsers dates back to the 18th century when British actress Lillie Langtry became the first celebrity endorser in the world by featuring on packages of pears soap (Morin, 2002). Since then, the use of celebrity endorsers in advertising has increased and endorser strategy is now one of the most popular marketing practices used by organisations to increase brand awareness. According to PFP (2010), a sports celebrity talent agency, companies spend close to one billion dollars equivalent to almost  £660 million GBP (see table 1.0 below for currency conversion) on endorsements each year. Organisations practice this strategy with the intention to increase consumers purchase intentions and preferences towards the brand. Table 1.0: Currency conversion from United State Dollars to Great British Pounds Live rates at 2010.04.10 08:11:28 UTC 1,000,000,000.00 USD 650,749,339.25 GBP United States Dollars United Kingdom Pounds 1 USD = 0.650749 GBP 1 GBP = 1.53669 USD Source: Adapted from XE (Universal Currency Converter) McCracken (1989) provided a definition for a celebrity as individuals who enjoy public recognition and who use this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. A celebrity endorser as highlighted by Friedman Friedman (1979) is an individual who is known to the public for his/her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed. A celebrity athlete according to Charbonneau Garland (2005) is a publicly recognized sports star who uses that public recognition to help another (usually a corporate client) sell or bolster the image of specific goods and services. Belch Belch (2001) argue that for a celebrity to be chosen as an endorser, he/she must be perceived as credible and trustworthy by consumers. This is very important because as pointed out by (Kelman, 1961; Ohanian, 1991) information from a credible source can influence beliefs, opinions, attitudes and /or behavior through a process called internationalization, which occurs when receivers accept a source influence in terms of their personal attitude and value structures. Forbes.com lists the top 10 highest paid celebrity athletes between June 2008 and June 2009 by evaluating their earnings from salaries, bonuses, prize money, endorsements and licensing income. Table 2.0 shows the top ten highest paid athletes of 2009. Athlete Earnings in millions between 06/08 -06/09 Tiger Woods $110 = £72 Kobe Bryant $45 = £30 Michael Jordan $45 = £30 Kimi Raikkonen $45 =  £30 David Beckham $42 = £28 LeBron James $40 = £27 Phil Mickelson $40 = £27 Manny Pacquiao $40 =  £27 Valentino Rossi $35 = £23 Dale Earnhardt Jr. $34 = £22 Source: Adapted from www.forbes.com The exchange rate used in calculations during my pre- research was Currency Conversion adapted from XE (Universal Currency Converter) Conversion from USD to GBP has been rounded up to a whole number. Source: http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi In this study, the focus on the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers will be in advertising campaigns. According to Fill (2002) the main roles of advertising are to build awareness, induce a dialogue and to (re)position brands by changing either perception or attitudes. Advertising is important because it can influence audiences by informing or reminding them of the existence of a brand. For a message to be communicated effectively, it should have the right target audience, capable of gaining attention, understandable and acceptable. The importance of brands to organisations is very important. Fill (2002) pointed out that a successful brand is one which creates and sustains a strong, positive and lasting impression in the mind of the buyer. Aaker (1991) goes on further to say a brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors. In order to increase sales of their products, organisations must use means to communicate their products to consumers. According to Aaker (1996) brand awareness refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind. Brand awareness is the ability of a potential buyer to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of a certain product category. It involves a continuum ranging from an uncertain feeling that the brand is recognized, to a belief that it is the only one in the product class. It is the belief that by using a celebrity endorser to advertise a brand, the indirect information transmitted to the consumer becomes more credible and more relevant. The result is that the consumer has the perception of a higher quality for the advertised product (Floyd, 1999). Since consumers prefer high quality over low quality, the endorsed product is more likely to be purchased. However, with benefits comes risks involving the use of celebrity endorsers in advertising. Controversy involving the endorser can lead to corporate embarrassments and transfer of negative attitudes to the brand (Till Shrimp, 1998). White et al (2009) adapted Miciak Shanklins (1994) statement which pointed out that when an endorsers image becomes tarnished by allegations of illicit, unethical, unusual, or even slightly unconventional behavior, this instantly creates problems for the endorsement. The recent scandal of Golf professional Tiger Woods in 2009 (Tiger Woods Sex Scandal [], 2009) is an example of how negative publicity can affect an endorsed brand. This led to a drop in his endorsement deals with many of his clients. However, if this was the case, why did he still manage to gain $110 million in a year, taking the lead of best paid athlete that year (Forbes.com) even with the negative press? Did the scandal influence sale of Gillette products at all? Other risks are overshadowing, Overexposure, financial risks, and so on and so forth. According to Tellis (1998), celebrities by their very nature are public figures whose moves are carefully watched by the media and whose achievements and failings are quickly publicized. As observed frequently, when a star is on the rise, the media will glorify him/ her and when faced with negative publicity, the media will gloat over it. Petty et al (1983) mentioned there were two main routes whereby consumers received information communicated to them and acted in accordance with it. These are the central and peripheral routes. Kahle Homer(1985) pointed out attractive celebrities were more acceptable and brought more influence to bear on the recipient of the advertisement than charmless ones. This theory was disagreed by Langmeyer Shank (1994) who pointed out that the concept of source attractiveness was not just limited to good looks but also included abilities in sports, charisma, grace, tact and intelligence. Several models have been created by many scholars over the years to aid in the selection process of a good celebrity endorser. McCracken (1989) introduced the Meaning Transfer Model which maintains that celebrity endorsers must possess cultural meanings such as status and lifestyle, which can transfer to the products being endorsed. Ohanian (1990) also identified a Source-credibility scale see figure 1 below, which celebrities had to possess in order to make their advertisements believable and increase purchase level of the product. Table 1 below demonstrates the variables of the source credibility scale. Attractiveness Trustworthiness Expertise Unattractive-Attractive Undependable-Dependable Not an expert-Expert Not Classy-Classy Dishonest-Honest Inexperienced-Experienced Ugly-Beautiful Unreliable-Reliable Unknowledgeable-Knowledgeable Plain-Elegant Insincere-Sincere Unqualified-Qualified Not sexy-Sexy Untrustworthy-Trustworthy Unskilled-Skilled Source: Ohanian, R. (1990) METHODOLOGY Secondary data will be sourced from brand textbooks written by widely recognized authors like Leslie de Chernatony and Malcolm McDonald, Ohanian, Kotler etc. In addition, web based articles and publications will also be used. Journals such as Journal of advertising research etc., which can be sourced from the University electronic database such as Emerald, provided in the Thames Valley library will also be sourced. Primary data will be collected using a questionnaire designed to understand consumers perceptions on the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers, by measuring their attitudes and perceptions towards the advertised products and their purchase intentions towards the product. A quote sample size of 100 people will be chosen, and the focus will be on students. The locations where the questionnaires are to be carried out will be TVU campus and Reading University Campus. A convenience sample of 50 per location giving 100 in total is planned. It is intended to obtain specific information about consumers buying behaviours towards the endorsed products, and for that matter, the respondents will have to have at least watched the Gillette or Adidas advertisement or purchased a Gillette/ Adidas product in the last year. Due to time limitations, the focus will be on UK consumers only Data to be generated by the questionnaires include personal data such as age, gender, income etc. to build a demographic profile of the sample. In terms of data analysis, the SPSS package will be implemented, to analyse the data generated by the questionnaire.

Learning to Breathe :: Personal Narrative Breathing Medical Papers

Learning to Breathe Up until a few years ago, I used to think it was silly when I would complain to someone about something trivial and they would say to me, â€Å"At least you have your health†--as if that were supposed to be some kind of consolation. I guess I thought I’d always be healthy and besides, at eighteen years old, you don’t really consider or plan around it when looking at your future. There’s school, love life, social life, and work—no room for bad health, really. I had always just considered my health to be somewhere ticking along in the background, until I reached the magical age of forty, when it would totally fail and I would start to experience all those awful things that happen to you when you get â€Å"old†. I’m trying to say that I pretty much took my health for granted. My life felt perfect at the time. It was a few weeks before Christmas of my freshman year in college. I had a wonderful boyfriend, tolerable job, only tw o finals left to take, and all of my Christmas shopping done. Breathing was pretty much the last thing on my mind†¦until that snowy night in December. It was a night that started like any other night. My department store job at Sears left much to be desired, but the pay was alright. As expected for an evening in a mall during the Christmas season, the store was like a madhouse and the customers behaved as though they should be committed to one. Around seven p.m., I got a bit overwhelmed with all the festivities, so I found a quiet corner in the back of my department, sat down in the floor, and began to fold sweaters. I folded for what seemed like forever. As I kept leaning over to place sweaters on the display, I found it was becoming harder and harder to move my right arm. I mostly ignored this, chalking it up to zero sleep and long hours at work, until I happened to look up and see that all the clothing in the store had become one big blur. Wow, I thought to myself, I must be really tired. I blinked and decided to take a break.

Women Must Unite to End War :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

War, war machines, jihad. These words have entered the vocabulary of everyday practice during the past twenty years. They mark a new stage in the discourse of Empire, what Hardt and Negri call a global project of network power, that knits the world together in a dynamic fabric of exchange, flows but also of conflict. 9-11 was a catastrophic example of the ways in which the threads in this fabric tighten and break. American citizens felt for the first time how the apparently innocent business of moneymaking in New York City and of policymaking in Washington DC are seen as criminal elsewhere. The daily deals struck in the financial and military-political capitals of the U.S. have direct and mostly negative consequences for most of the rest of the world. These consequences are invisible to the average American citizen, they are searingly obvious elsewhere. 9-11 has a long history going back through the Gulf War to the establishment of Israel in 1948. It is a history that spans the length of the Cold War and is witness to the growing suspicion and fear of U.S. policies in the region. Indeed, the last great battle of the Cold War took place in a dry dusty landlocked backwater called Afghanistan. Having been chosen for this showdown between the two superpowers placed Afghanistan squarely on the stage of world history. It is hard to know who got there first, to find the origins of the last great battle of the cold war. One version, which I find compelling, has it that when, on December 24, 1979, the Soviets invaded and took over rule of the country with the help of Afghan tribesmen in the north, they were not venturing into virgin territory. Six months earlier, President Carter had signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. Zbigniew Brzezinski claims in a Jan. 15-21, 1998 interview for the French "Le Nouvel Observateur" that the U.S. government "didn't push the Russians to intervene, but we knowingly increased the probability that they would." The CIA recruited Afghan tribesmen separated from their birthplaces by war and displaced into dehumanizing refugee camps where religious education provided their only anchor. The U.S. government armed these men with guns and capitalist ideology and they won. The U.S. declared the Soviets defeated, the cold war over, and their warriors were left to fend for themselves.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well, this is it. Our last night. The last page of the scrapbook we call high school. Our scrapbooks are filled with memories from the first day we walked into these halls ... to this very night. Pictures crammed in, ticket stubs nestled between them, adorned by dried corsages and newspaper clippings, yellowed with every fond recollection. The smiling pictures are the friends we?ve made in high school. Friends are what make life special. Every person we encounter has a definite effect on our lives. If one face in our scrapbook were missing, a part of our lives would disappear also. Remember the football game where you finally got the fight song right? That?s your ticket stub. Maybe it was the musical that you rehearsed months for. Or cheering at the state basketball tournament. Or ... Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address Well, this is it. Our last night. The last page of the scrapbook we call high school. Our scrapbooks are filled with memories from the first day we walked into these halls ... to this very night. Pictures crammed in, ticket stubs nestled between them, adorned by dried corsages and newspaper clippings, yellowed with every fond recollection. The smiling pictures are the friends we?ve made in high school. Friends are what make life special. Every person we encounter has a definite effect on our lives. If one face in our scrapbook were missing, a part of our lives would disappear also. Remember the football game where you finally got the fight song right? That?s your ticket stub. Maybe it was the musical that you rehearsed months for. Or cheering at the state basketball tournament. Or ...

Global Warming and Drought in The Southwestern U.S. Essay

Pumphrey (2008) rightly observed that until fairly recently, no one would bought the idea that the world’s climate was changing, let alone that it was been influenced by human activities. The first insight into what is today known as global warming was first conceived by the Swedish scientist Arrhenius, who, late in the 19th century, suggested that the activities of the rapidly developing industries could cause the planet to warm up. Such ideas were often ignored, but over the course of the 20th century, opinions about climate change, â€Å"even rapid climate change† were becoming more apparent (Pumphrey, 2008, p. 1). As things stand now, there appears to be a growing pile of irrefutable evidences that point to the fact that human activities are affecting the heat/energy exchange between the earth, the atmosphere and space (Justus and Susan, 2006). The primary cause of global climate change has been attributed to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants in the earth’s atmosphere. These ‘green house gases’, as they are now known, form a blanket over the earth atmosphere, thus trapping the sun’s heat inside the planet and causing it to warm up (National Resources Defense Council, 2007). A substantial population of the world’s scientist have agreed that human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric â€Å"concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) by 36% from pre-industrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to 380 ppm over the past 150 years, leading to an increase in global average temperature of 0. 9oF over the past 100 years†. Consequently, there has been considerable increase in global average temperature and sea levels, decreases of sea ice in the Artic and melting of the planet’s continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers (Justus and Susan, 2006). More frightening, however, is the assertion by scientists that if green house gases continue to accumulate at the present rates, more rapid and devastating consequences could result within a short period of time. While scientists largely agree on the evidences pointing to a warming planet, the severity and ramifications of its consequences is often a subject of controversy, doubts and heated debates. The drought in the Southwestern U. S presents one such example of the controversies and uncertainties surrounding the consequences of global warming. In the history of the Southwestern U. S. , drought has been a relatively periodic occurrence, due to climate variability that characterizes this region. For example, after reviewing the history of climate changes in the region, Thompson and Anderson (2005) concluded that over the long term, the climate of the region is constantly changing and that in the â€Å"18,000 years since the last glacial maximum the southwestern United States has experienced conditions that ranged from much colder to somewhat warmer than today. Moisture conditions have also varied, both through time and across the region† (Thompson and Anderson, 2005). However, despite these assertions, scientists through several studies have pointed out that the present multi-year drought in the region is not another result of climate variability but a consequence of climate change. They assert that the present climate situation might be the new climate of the region and that drier and more sever droughts lies ahead if urgent measures are not taken. The proposed study intends to support and add weight to the contention that climate changes is already impacting the region and that increasing global warming will increase the severity of drought in the Southwestern U. S. Purpose Statement McNab and Karl (2003) observe that drought is a complex phenomenon that can be very difficult to define. They contend that the problem with defining drought derives partially from the fact that the term could be approached from different perspectives. That, notwithstanding, the central theme that underlie any definition of drought is the absent or deficiency of water. However, they point out that to completely define drought, the â€Å"component(s) of the hydrologic cycle affected by the water deficit and the time period associated with the deficit, must be specified†. The Southwestern U. S is a region vulnerable to droughts due to its variable climatology that derives from its peculiar topography. The entire Southwestern states of the United States fall into a climatic region generally known as the ‘subtropics’. These regions are known to be dry and susceptible to drought because the atmosphere moves water ‘out of those regions into higher planes’ (Thompson, 2007). It is argued that the evaporation is higher in subtropics and the moist air from here is transported to temperate regions at higher latitudes. This climatic condition sometimes causes excessive ‘dryness’ (drought) in these regions. The infamous dust bowl conditions of the 1930s and the severe droughts of the 1950s are typical examples. Pointing out the vulnerability of the region, Davis (2007) observe that â€Å"in some years, â€Å"exceptional drought† has engulfed the entire Plains from Canada to Mexico; in other years, crimson conflagrations on weather maps have crept down the Gulf Coast to Louisiana or crossed the Rockies to the interior Northwest† (Davies, 2007). Based on this argument, it is convenient to describe the present drought in the region as a result of such climatic variability. Unfortunately, recent data on global warming indicate otherwise. Scientists have shown that this time, the drought in the region is not just a passing phase in climatic conditions, it is a reality that has come to stay. It is evident that this time, it is the base climate that is changing and dire consequences looms ahead. Supporting the argument that the aridity in the Southwestern U. S is different this time, Davis (2007), point out that â€Å"Lake Powell had fallen by nearly eighty feet in three years, and crucial reservoirs along the Rio Grande were barely more than mud puddles. The Southwestern winter of 2005-06, meanwhile, was one of the driest on record, and Phoenix went 143 days without a single drop of rain†. Noting that some scientists have regarded the present situations as the worst drought in 500 years and with the several scientific evidences showing the link between global warming and severe drought, Davis concluded that the present climate condition is not â€Å"simply episodic drought but the region’s new ‘normal weather'† (Davies, 2007). Statement of the Problem Both global warming and droughts portend grave dangers for both the region and the world at large. Despite the sometimes dissenting voices in the science world, there is unanimous certainty that the planet is warming up. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2007 report stated that it is ‘unequivocal’ that the planet is heating up and that, with utmost certainty, the warming is caused by human activities. It is clearly understood that increased global temperatures will facilitate the propagation of certain deadly bacteria and the spread of diseases. For example, Kolivras and Andrew (2004) carried out a study that revealed that the presence and spread of four diseases; hantavirus, plague, dengue and coccidioidomycosis in the Southwestern U. S could be attributed to the increased in temperature in this region. Again, it is clear that higher global temperatures will lead to increase in the incidence and severity of droughts which will affect agricultural production, causing global food crisis. Also, the melting of continental and Artic ice, due to global warming, will cause flooding and other devastating problems that will affect millions of people globally. Persistent drought, on the other hand, also severely impacts a society. Besides the shortage of food and water that characterizes drought conditions, Davis (2007) also point out that drought rapidly destabilizes the natural ecosystem. Buttressing this fact, he observed that, without sufficient moisture to produce protective sap, â€Å"millions of acres of pinyon and ponderosa pine have been ravaged by plagues of bark beetles; these dead forests, in turn, have helped to kindle the firestorms that have burst into the suburbs of Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix and Denver, as well as destroyed part of Los Alamos† (Davies, 2007). However, despite the frightening consequences of droughts and/or global warming, the real issue here is the misunderstanding of the problem at hand. A clear understanding of the real cause and nature of the drought in the Southwestern United States will greatly help in containing the problem before it get out of hand. In a study for the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Richard Seager and other scientists point out that all the models used for the third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated a general decrease in rainfall in the subtropics during the 21st century and gradual drying up of the region with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (Seager et al, 2007). The present drought in the region is therefore, evidently a consequence of a much bigger problem, the realization of this fact is important in shaping public attitudes and opinions required for finding a lasting solution to the problem. Theoretical Framework The states of the Southwestern United States fall in a climatic region known as the subtropics. The climate in these regions is characteristically dry because the atmosphere moves water out of these regions. Moist air from these regions is often transported to temperate regions at higher latitudes. This phenomenon is referred to as the â€Å"Hadley cell† (Thompson, 2007). This flow of moist air away from subtropics induces rising air over the equator and descending air over the subtropics. The descending air over the subtropics suppresses precipitation, which further increase dryness of the regions. With global warming, the blanket of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere heat up the air over the subtropics enabling it to carry and transport more moisture away from the region. Furthermore, with increasing global temperatures, ‘Hadley cell’ (the flow of air out of the subtropics) expands pole ward, bringing the United States Southwestern region under the increasing influence of descending air, further compromising precipitation and further worsening drought. The link between reduced precipitation and drought was established by McNab and Karl (2003) who asserted that â€Å"precipitation can be considered to be the carrier of the drought signal and stream flow and ground-water levels can be considered to be the last indicators of the occurrence of a drought† (McNab and Karl, 2003). It has been argued that whilst past droughts in the region was because La Nina brought ‘cooler ocean temperatures to the equatorial Pacific, which resulted in drier conditions over North America’, the present drought is caused by changing climatic conditions characterized by increasing global temperatures that enable more moisture to be transported out of the region and suppressed precipitation.

Black on Black Crime Essay

Undeniably, stereotyping has always been uncontrolled in our beau monde. These stereotyping may every be through gender, age, occupation and the roughly public of wholly, perhaps washables. Part of stereotyping is associating a trus 2rthy meeting of people to whether good or bad demeanor. And perhaps, al roughly known to all is the sour-on-black villainy. This kind of law-breaking is usually pushed to detect due to the prejudice of the golf-club. As melanize Americans argon subjected to discrimination and in saveice, black-on-black crimes argon nearly comparablely to occur. disgraceful-on-black crimes argon the kind of crimes which argon committed on shadowys with their blighter black-markets as the offenders. At present, the African Americans remain more than segregated that any other racial group in the world. Some of them level off experience residential isolation (Quillian, 1999). erst date(prenominal) studies show that innocence flight or the stave off ance of white is the main understanding of racial discrimination. While thither ar only 12 percent African American living in the joined States, 45 percent of the victims of murder in year 2002 in like manner come from them 91 percent of them ar killed by their co-worker total darkness Americans.Statistics show that homicide tops the keep down of the leading causes of remnant among colour pass, while suicide in landed on the second notch on the causes of death among dreary women aged 15-24 (Greaves). These figures or statistics, of course, atomic number 18 entirely a conferion of neighborly reality. Racial discrimination, though not as rampant in the past decades bland chases out bon ton that is a striking f constituteor contri scarceing to the crime lay among Black Americans. BLACK-ON-BLACK wickedness varlet2 Prior ResearchDespite the societys eventual tolerance on racial differences, on that point argon liquid studies that show that whites do not prefer in places where there be a circularise of African Americans thriving in. In a research survey conducted, most of the white Americans who were asked in the survey verbalize they prefer living in a community where the population of African American is less than 30 percent. (Clark) Studies showing the trends of mobility truly show that neighborhoods or communities with relatively utmost population of Black families give birth the object to have a collapsedpopulation of white families (Quillian 1999). This means that white Americans tend to bear upon out the place if it is more dominant of the black Americans. In the long run, these neighborhoods would be dominated fully by black Americans. Perceptions on hatred Empirical studies were neer genuinely enough to back up the comprehension of neighborhoods and communities some crime. There are no really a strong number of studies which focus on the black-on-black crimes. more over then there are two main factors that are beli eved to influence the sensing of a neighborhood towards crime.First is the discernible characteristic which is the neighborhoods racial study. In the United States, for example, most of the neighborhoods or communities can be categorized into either dominant of blacks or dominant of whites. Factors like economic class where an individual hold out is not easy to gauge ground on physical characteristic. BLACK-ON-BLACK CRIME rogue3 The second factor would be the stereotypes that relate a current group of people with crime. An example of this would be the black or the Blacks who are often associated with rampant crimes known by all Americans (Devine and Elliot 1995).Studies furthered that training that are consistently seen are stereotypes are most presumable to be sight or remembered by people than those t severallying stereotypes that are not usually employ (Robert, Evans, and Fulero1979). Stereotypes may also lead to the boldness of the stereotypes which are associating certain groups of people on committing crimes. Thus, media reports would most likely to focus on news reports that are guilty of stereotyping. These kinds of media reports strengthen the association of crime and race in the minds of the people, or to be specific, to the mind of the audience. Causes different to the common notion that racism or discrimination is the main cause of black-on-black crime, there are in reality a galvanic pile of factors causing the perpetuation of such crimes. racism or discrimination is not the restore reason for the existence of evil attitudes. Among of them spur track evil attitudes are high rank of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and births, abortions, child abuse, and broken families that continually hound the different black communities. Empirical entropy show that teenagers or the young adults are the wholenesss who are usually tough in troubles, thus increasing their vulnerability to committing crimes.These data apply to Black Americans. Bu t these figures cannot actually generalize all of the Black Americans. BLACK-ON-BLACK CRIME scalawag4 In the end of Unites States, youngsters (or the Black Americans to be specific) are usually concern in peer groups merely about even call it gangtas. Majority of these kinds of groups are said to be constantly involved in riots or rumbles mostly with their lumberjack teenagers and Black Americans. Teenagers are groups of peers who seem to act like a broken window which signals crime (Maxfield 1981).This most likely applies most likely to young black men (Anderson 1990) in neighborhoods with mixed racial inhabitants. Combating Black-on-Black horrors The worry on black-on-black crime cannot be promptly resolved. The way towards the solution of this companionable trouble would really entail a lot of efforts and factors. It may take years, decades or more for us to get over or to lessen the graze of black-on-black crimes. But then, if we are really determined to combat or at least lessen the figures of the fact of black-on-black crime, then, we go forth surely be lucky in our aim.This plight is not just the plight of the Black Americans. Everyone is affected when Black-on-black crimes returnwhether directly or indirectly. As follows are the probable solutions that may address the social plight on black-on-black crimes. Some may be too mundane for some, tho it will contribute to the eradication of the problem. single of the main factors, perhaps, pushing the Blacks to commit crime against their fellow Blacks is their low self-esteem. We can a malarky the Black on Black Crimes by giving them enough and proper tuition not only to the African-American children but also to the CaucasianBLACK-ON-BLACK CRIME PAGE5 children. It is because, the usual educational political platform among schools, especially in the K-12 levels, is teaching that European descendants are the superior race while the Blacks are inferior. Another is identifying and circumst ances potential offenders. We should first identify who are the common groups of people are involved in black-on-black crimes. Researches show that black-on-black crimes usually materialise among the youngsters. We should help them in overcoming their unpleasant behavior. Those behaviors are, in reality, brought about also by some social factors.There are certain problems within our society that need to be immediately addressed before we could only dwell in our problem on black-on-black crimes. More so, better law enforcement could also help in eradicating the problem on black-on-black crimes. Also this will not really guarantee that crimes will never adventure again, this will ensure that there is a strict monitoring of what is happening in the society. But then, there should also be also respect on the Black offenders. They may be criminals, but they should good-tempered be treated as human.If offenders are immediately identified, there will be lesser crimes as the police or the authorities are faster in terms of solving the crime. Part and fate of this solution is also the strict effectuation of available laws. If authorities are not strict in implementing their own policies pertaining to crime, offenders will not be intimidated and ashamed(predicate) to commit any crimeswhether it is a black-on-black crime or not. BLACK-ON-BLACK CRIME PAGE6 And last but not the least, there should be community involvement in fighting this social predicament. It is not just an anesthetise of Blacks against Blacks.It is an issue concerning everyone. The Blacks should not be treated differently by the society. It is just the complexion that differs, anyway. In a study conducted by the shekels Crime Factors and vicinity Decline in 1978, respondents were asked about their perception on the crimes that are happening in their community. The survey was done through a telephone survey involving 3300 household members in eight elect community areas in Chicago. The commun ities were chosen in terms of their racial composition, property values, and crime evaluate. In each community, there were 400 household members chosen randomly.Based on the results, there is a significant association of racial composition to the respondents perception on the crimes in their neighborhood. As hypothesized, as a neighborhood has a higher percentage of Black American inhabitants, the respondents have higher perceived rates on the crime rates within their community. The association of Black Americans with crime rate is both applicable to Black and etiolated Americans, who are the respondents of the study. The survey conducted in Chicago just shows how the Black Americans are perceived by White Americans and even by their fellow Black Americans.They are associated with crimes. We have to break this incident stereotype than Black Americans would mean higher crime rate. rather of being mere observers of this social plight, we do something to break this kind of problem. BLACK-ON-BLACK CRIME PAGE7 Black-on-black crimes usually happen because of the handling that the Black Americans get from the society. If we blossom out about our racial differences, Black-on-black crimes would be lessenedat least. We would just usually smirk if we sample stories of crimes committed by Blacks on their fellow Blacks. Our mind set is that, we are not affected, anyway.Some even blame the Blacks merely for doing those criminal acts. We tend to forget that everything is connected to everything else. We tend also to wash our hands over the issue of Black-on-black crimes. We are unmindful that we have also our part on the perpetuation of these kinds of crimes. Conclusion The society is a very crucial factor towards the development of an individual. The environment is a vital clincher on what kind of individual one could be. How the society looks on a particular group of people usually reflect the demeanor of an individual within the group.For example, the eccentri c person of the Black Americans is a clear materialization of the societys prejudice. The salient issue that Black Americans are most likely to commit crimes against their fellow Black Americans affects the mental being of the Blacks. In a nutshell, it is the society which is the main root of Black-on-black crimes. Ironically, it is also the society which will play the most key and most crucial part towards the steadiness of this social plight. A society with open mind is what we need. A society that is void of prejudices, stereotypes, and judgment.By this, black-on-black crimes will be solved. schema I. Introduction II. Overview of Black on Black Crimes A. Prior Researches B. Statistics C. Perceptions on Crime III. Causes of Black on black crimes IV. Combating Black on Black Crimes References Anderson, Elijah. 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