Automated Sales and Inventory System Essay

2.1 Background of Study Data framework is an assortment of equipment, programming and individuals that cooperate to gather, store, and sort and procedure data. From the most punctual crossroads in the cutting edge history of the PC, the individuals and the business world have seen the constant turn of events and development of PC framework that requires meeting the objective of Information innovation. We have the totally new universe of data and correspondence promptly accessible through PC. With its phenomenal principles the defenders chose to think of this proposition which point was to give quality client assistance in the business, plan a framework that screen report, can the amount of stock things, can decide reorder or creation point, can produce report, can check the basic degree of an item, This examination would clearly profit the owner of Muella Trading. Mr.Muella the proprietor of Muella Trading has information as far as equipment since he previously worked at Hardware Company. With that information the owner chose to had own business. The business began on February 8, 2009 at Guinobatan Albay by Mr. Eugine Muella and Mrs. Marites Napili Muella.The notice organization has 4 workers/worker. That organization has four class regarding item they retail the electrical, plumbing, equipment and items use for development. For just about two years in the business the owner are utilizing the manual stock framework. With this sort of framework the procedure of their exchanges are exceptionally moderate and it is a tedious to their business exchanges. This is the principle motivation behind why they chose to move from manual to mechanized deals and stock framework. The moving of stock was made conceivable by the defenders to make the day by day exchanges of the organization quicker, simpler and increasingly precise. The framework encourages them to kill issues on deals, stockpiling and recovery of stock information for the stock status. 2.2 Statement of the Problem 2.0 Methodology of the examination Light-footed is a training based approach for demonstrating and documentation of programming based frameworks. It is proposed to be an assortment of qualities, standards, and practices for Modeling programming that can be applied on a product advancement venture in a more adaptable way than customary Modeling strategies. It is a based on the establishment of iterative development.[ Karthiksangi2009] ‘The Home Page of Karthiksangi’ http://karthiksangi.wordpress.com/lithe procedure/ The advocates utilized lithe as their strategy in building up the framework on account of its stages, which is fit in building up the propose framework. Prerequisites The initial phase in the Agile Modeling is to recognize some significant level prerequisites just as the extent of the discharge. The prerequisites inside a dexterous procedure are pretty much ’suggestions’, and are available to more discussion by the group during different stages. The Agile strategy is increasingly versatile to changes in prerequisites as the task develops. The defenders recognize first the base and general necessities of the framework they will be create and they led a meeting to the organization so it would helped them in getting data about the prerequisites that required in building up the framework. Engineering and Design The objective of the engineering and configuration stage is to attempt to distinguish a design that has a decent possibility of working. The structure is determined in a demonstrating meeting, in which issues are investigated, until the group is fulfilled that they comprehend what should be conveyed. The defenders structured a database which is fit and competent for the framework they created and characterized the traits, information passage and relationship of them. Regarding this, the advocates made a Graphical User Interface structured that can permit clients to collaborate with the framework. Advancement The framework is conveyed gradually after some time, in little modules that have quick business esteem, as opposed to building and afterward conveying a framework in a solitary â€Å"big bang† discharge. By concentrating improvement on littler modules, coordinated activities can control costs in spite of the appearing absence of arranging. The defenders make, plan and build up a propose framework they examining. In this stage the defender still in growing part and they all the more focusing and concentrating on making a little module which is truly required to that framework. 3.0 Review of Related Studies Snap programming Inventory System It is a profoundly configurable framework intended to improve stockroom activities. The framework oversees thing expert design and characterizes stock areas, screens thing amount, area and status of stock just as related delivery, getting, picking and set aside process data. The framework is equipped for giving programmed distinguishing proof utilizing standardized tags to stock articles which incorporate any sort of physical resources, apparatuses and supplies, save parts, crude materials, completed products, and machines. This framework diminishes distribution center expense and improves client support by accelerating the merchandise taking care of procedure, giving straightforward and exact stock information, improves your asset arranging coming about to expanded profitability and diminished work costs. Retail and Inventory System This stock framework empowers upkeep and handling of deals, buys and stock information to plan exchanges, archives and create reports. It gives data helpful to dynamic in regards to deals, buys and stock checking. This framework arranges your stock exchange and gives helpful review trails of stock developments, subtleties and accounts to permit improved command over your speculation. The highlights of the frameworks are the framework has an exceptionally secure secret word. The framework keeps up thing profile, client profile, provider profile. The buys offices incorporate buy things and buy return. The framework additionally structure a business offices incorporate deals Items and deals trade. The framework has report offices that incorporate exchange rundown and POS retail reports. In connection of this the advocates got a thought that it would help them being developed of the framework they create. Both stock framework have a decent and magnificent highlights that the defenders can use in there framework, for example, profoundly security of the program that would profit the administration of the organization in such a case that it is exceptionally security the more secure of framework and different highlights that would likewise profit for the administration as well as to different clients too. 4.0 Theoretical Framework Database Management System (DBMS) The hypothesis on database the board become the establishment in making the capacity of records in propose framework. A database the board framework (DBMS) is a program that lets at least one client make and access information in database. It oversees client demand so client and different projects are liberated from understanding where the information are truly found, and in a multi-client framework that else will likewise be getting to the information. In taking care of client demands, the DBMS guarantees the honesty of the information. In taking care of client demand, the DBMS guarantees the honesty of the information. (That is ensuring it keeps on being available and is reliably composed as expected) and its security (ensuring that just those with get to benefit can get to the information) A DBMS can be thought of as a document director that oversees information in database as opposed to records in document framework. In IBM’s fundamental edge working framework, the number recovery information chiefs are known as access strategies. A DBMS is typically an inalienable piece of a database item. On PC’s Microsoft Access is a mainstream case of a solitary or little gathering client DBMS. Microsoft SQL Server is a case of a DBMS that empowers a client to store, alter and extricate data from a database. [WOOD2007] Social Database Management System (RDBMS) RDBMS is a kind of database the executives framework that stores as related tables. Social database is amazing in light of the fact that it requires little supposition about how information are connected or how this information will be removed from the database. A significant of social framework is that a solitary database can be spread over a few tables. This contrasts from level †record database, in which every database is independent in a solitary table. Practically full-scale database frameworks are RDBMS. Little database framework, nonetheless, utilize different structures that give less adaptability in presenting questions. [CASH2005] Information Security PC framework makes sure about the records from unapproved clients and shields the information from misfortune. The advocates made sure that all the records put away in the database are sheltered and ensured. Subsequently, they utilized the applications based from hypothesis, information security. Information security is methods for guaranteeing that the information are remained careful from debasement and that entrance to its appropriately controlled. In this manner, information security assists with guaranteeing security and assurance that’s why most PC framework receives safety efforts that include information encryption and secret key. Information encryption is the transmission of information into from that is indiscernible without a translating instrument. A secret word is a mystery word or expression that gives a client access to specific program or framework. [WOOD2007] Networking Systems administration is a framework that transmits any blends of voice, video and information between clients. The system incorporates the system working framework in the customer and server machines interfacing them and all supporting equipment in the middle of, for example, scaffolds, switches and switches; in remote frameworks, radio wires and towers are likewise part of a system. In Information innovation, a system is a progression of focuses or hubs interconnected by correspondence way. The most well-known topology is the transport, star, token ring and work topologies. System can likewise be arranged as far as spatial separation as Local Area systems (LAN’s), Metropolitan zone Network (MANâ€?

Essay Writing Samples - The Best Way to Improve Your IELTS Score

Essay Writing Samples - The Best Way to Improve Your IELTS ScoreYou might be trying to improve your IELTS score, and this is a very easy way to do it. If you are having trouble getting a higher score than you currently have, then there are many tips and strategies that you can use in order to get yourself there. If you think that IELTS essays writing samples can help, then you will be able to learn a lot about how to write an essay that you might not have known before.Essays are quite difficult to write, but you can find many helpful tips in this article. The important thing to remember is that you need to focus on the right strategy is all about focusing on the correct information. This means that you need to know what kind of essay that you should be writing and how to go about writing it.To start with, you need to find a good IELTS essay writing samples. This is a very important step because you want to make sure that you are taking advantage of the best resources available in ord er to make sure that you get the best possible IELTS score. You can find lots of information online, including free IELTS essays writing samples, but you need to make sure that you know which ones are the best.Of course, if you are reading this article then you already know the answer to this question. So, this is something that you can easily find out by looking through the links in this article. This will give you a good idea about the type of essay that you should be writing and where to find the best essay samples available.The second tip that you should remember is that you need to practice very hard in order to get the best possible IELTS score. Remember that the key here is to be ready to practice until you are totally satisfied that you have the ability to write the essay effectively. You will find a lot of free resources online that will help you learn how to do this, but you need to know that you need to be willing to do this.In addition to these two things, you will find that the third tip that you should remember is that the harder you try, the better you will do in getting an IELTS score. You will find that there are some very helpful tips that will help you improve your writing skills. Of course, you will also find some strategies that you can use to make sure that you do not make mistakes and that you do not get discouraged when you do make mistakes.Another thing that you should know about IELTS is that you can also use the test as a way to improve your personal and professional life. Of course, you will find that the ability to communicate and learn with ease will improve your social life and your professional life. Of course, there are also many other things that you can use the test for, but you need to make sure that you know that they can be a great tool for you.These are just some of the good tips that you can find in the article that you are reading now. Remember that the best way to improve your score is to focus on the right strategy is learning from a really good source. You can find plenty of free essay writing samples online, but you need to know that you need to take full advantage of this and the only way to do this is to take the time to learn as much as you can from the Internet.

Glossary of Terms Regarding Evolution

Following are definitions of common terms referring to the Theory of Evolution that everyone should know and understand, though this is by no means a comprehensive list. Many of the terms are often misunderstood, which can lead to an inaccurate understanding of evolution. The links lead to more information on the topic: Adaptation: Changing to fit a niche or survive in an environment Anatomy: Study of the structures of organisms Artificial Selection: Characteristics selected by humans Biogeography: Study of how species are distributed across the Earth Biological Species: Individuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring Catastrophism: Changes in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena Cladistics: Method of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships Cladogram: Diagram of how species are related Coevolution: One species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships Creationism: Belief that a higher power created all life Darwinism: Term commonly used as a synonym for evolution Descent With Modification: Passing down traits that might change over time Directional Selection: Type of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored Disruptive Selection: Type of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics Embryology: Study of the earliest stages of development of an organism Endosymbiotic Theory: Currently accepted theory as to how cells evolved Eukaryote: Organism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles Evolution: Change in populations over time Fossil Record: All known traces of past life ever found Fundamental Niche: All available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem Genetics: Study of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation Gradualism: Changes in species that happen over long periods of time Habitat: Area in which an organism lives Homologous Structures: Body parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor Hydrothermal Vents: Very hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun Intelligent Design: Belief that a higher power created life and its changes Macroevolution: Changes in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships Mass Extinction: Event in which large numbers of species died out completely Microevolution: Changes in species at a molecular or gene level Natural Selection: Characteristics that are favorable in an environment and are passed down while undesirable characteristics are bred out of the gene pool Niche: ​Role an individual plays in an ecosystem Organelle:Â  Subunit within a cell that has a specific function Panspermia Theory: Early theory proposing that life came to Earth on meteors from outer space Phylogeny: Study of relative connections between species Prokaryote: Organism made up of the simplest type of cell; has no membrane-bound organelles Primordial Soup: Nickname given to the theory that life started in the oceans from the synthesis of organic molecules Punctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of consistency of a species interrupted by changes that happen in quick bursts Realized Niche: Actual role an individual plays in an ecosystem Speciation: The creation of a new species, often from evolution of another species Stabilizing Selection: Type of natural selection that favors the average of the characteristics Taxonomy: ​Science of classifying and naming organisms Theory of Evolution: Scientific theory about the origins of life on Earth and how it has changed over time Vestigial Structures: Body parts that seem to no longer have a purpose in an organism

Meaning and Uses of Decompilation

Simply speaking, decompilation is the inverse of compilation: translating an executable file into a higher level language. Suppose you lose your Delphi projects source and you only have the executable file: reverse engineering (decompilation) is useful if the original sources are not available. Hm, sources not available, does this mean that we can decompile other peoples Delphi projects? Well, yes and no... Is True Decompilation Possible? No, of course not. Fully automated decompilation is not possible - no decompiler could exactly reproduce the original source code. When a Delphi project is compiled and linked to produce a standalone executable file, most of the names used in the program are converted to addresses. This loss of names means that a decompiler would have to create unique names for all the constants, variables, functions, and procedures. Even if a certain degree of success is achieved, the generated source code lacks meaningful variable and function names.Obviously, source language syntax no longer exists in the executable. It would be very difficult for a decompiler to interpret the series of machine language instructions (ASM) that exist in an executable file and decide what the original source instruction was. Why and When to Use Decompilation Reverse engineering can be used for a several reasons, some of which are: Recovery of lost source codeMigration of applications to a new hardware platformDetermination of the existence of viruses or malicious code in the programError correction when the owner of the application is not available to make the correction.Recovery of someone elses source code (to determine an algorithm for example). Is This Legal? Reverse engineering is NOT cracking, although it is sometimes difficult to draw the fine line between those two. Computer programs are protected by copyright and trademark laws. Different countries have different exceptions to the copyright owners rights. The most common ones state that it is ok to decompile: for the purposes of interpretability where the interface specification has not been made available, for the purposes of error correction where the owner of the copyright is not available to make the correction, to determine parts of the program that are not protected by copyright. Of course you should be very careful / contact your lawyer if you are in doubt whether you are permitted to disassemble some programs exe file. Note: if you are looking for Delphi cracks, key generators or just serial numbers: you are on the wrong site. Please bear in mind that everything you find here is written/presented for exploration / educational purposes only. For the moment, Borland does not offer any product capable of decompiling an executable (.exe) file or the Delphi compiled unit (.dcu) back to the original source code (.pas). Delphi Compiled Unit (DCU) When a Delphi project is compiled or run a compiled unit (.pas) file is created. By default the compiled version of each unit is stored in a separate binary-format file with the same name as the unit file, but with the extension .DCU. For example unit1.dcu contains the code and data declared in the unit1.pas file. This means that if you have someones, for example, component compiled source all you have to do is to reverse it and get the code. Wrong. The DCU file format is undocumented (proprietary format) and may change from version to version. After the Compiler: Delphi Reverse Engineering If you would like to try to decompile a Delphi executable file, these are some of the things you should know: Delphi programs source files are usually stored in two file types: ASCII code files (.pas, .dpr), and resource files (.res, .rc, .dfm, .dcr). Dfm files contain the details (properties) of the objects contained in a form. When creating an exe, Delphi copies information in .dfm files into the finished .exe code file. Form files describe each component in your form, including the values of all persistent properties. Every time we change a forms position, a buttons caption or assign an event procedure to a component, Delphi writes those modifications in a DFM file (not the code of the event procedure - this is stored in the pas/dcu file). In order to get the dfm from the executable file we need to understand what type of resources are stored inside a Win32 executable. All programs compiled by Delphi have the following sections : CODE, DATA, BSS, .idata, tls, .rdata, .rsrc. The most important from decompiling point of view are the CODE and .rsrc sections. In the Adding functionality to a Delphi program article some interesting facts about Delphi executables format, class info and DFM resources are shown: how to reassign events to be handled by other event handlers defined in the same form. Even more: how to add your own event handler, adding the code to the executable, that will change the caption of a button. Among many types of resources that are stored in an exe file, the RT_RCDATA or the Application-defined resource (raw data) holds the information that were in the DFM file before the compilation. In order to extract the DFM data from an exe file we can call the EnumResourceNames API function... For more information on extracting DFM from an executable go see: Coding a Delphi DFM explorer article. The art of reverse engineering has traditionally been the land of technical wizards, familiar with assembly language and debuggers. Several Delphi decompilers have appeared that allow anybody, even with limited technical knowledge, to reverse engineer most Delphi executable files. If you are interested in reverse engineering Delphi programs I suggest you to take a look at the following few decompilers: IDR (Interactive Delphi Reconstructor) A decompiler of executable files (EXE) and dynamic libraries (DLL), written in Delphi and executed in Windows32 environment. Final project goal is development of the program capable to restore the most part of initial Delphi source codes from the compiled file but IDR, as well as others Delphi decompilers, cannot do it yet. Nevertheless, IDR is in a status considerably to facilitate such process. In comparison with other well known Delphi decompilers the result of IDR analysis has the greatest completeness and reliability. Revendepro Revendepro finds almost all structures (classes, types, procedures, etc) in the program, and generates the pascal representation, procedures will be written in assembler. Due to some limitation in assembler the generated output can not be recompiled. The source to this decompiler is freely available. Unfortunately this is the only one decompiler I was not able to use - it prompts with an exception when you try to decompile some Delphi executable file. EMS Source Rescuer EMS Source Rescuer is an easy-to-use wizard application which can help you to restore your lost source code. If you lose your Delphi or CBuilder project sources, but have an executable file, then this tool can rescue part of lost sources. Rescuer produces all project forms and data modules with all assigned properties and events. Produced event procedures dont have a body (it is not a decompiler), but have an address of code in executable file. In most cases Rescuer saves 50-90% of your time to project restoration. DeDe DeDe is a very fast program that can analyze executables compiled with Delphi. After decompilation DeDe gives you the following: All dfm files of the target. You will be able to open and edit them with Delphi.All published methods in well commented ASM code with references to strings, imported function calls, classes methods calls, components in the unit, Try-Except and Try-Finally blocks. By default DeDe retrieves only the published methods sources, but you may also process another procedure in a executable if you know the RVA offset using the Tools|Disassemble Proc menu.A lot of additional information.You can create a Delphi project folder with all dfm, pas, dpr files. Note: pas files contains the mentioned above well commented ASM code. They can not be recompiled!

Common Mistakes in Writing - 1362 Words

Common Mistakes in Writing: Comma Splice In your writing, there are 3 major problems that we commonly have to address as teachers/instructors/professors/etc. I want you to take the time to read about these. While we don t expect this to fix your issues instantly, we are hoping that you ll aim to make less of these mistakes in the future (especially on your papers, where these errors WILL be counted off for). Comma Splice -- Commas are tricky because there are so many different ways you can use them, but one of the most common ways to use commas is to separate two main clauses that are connected by a coordinating conjunction. That just means that when you join two things that could be sentences on their own with a word such as†¦show more content†¦You ll notice that with run-on sentences and comma splices, the two are very similar issues and solved in the same manner. It s a good rule of thumb to remember them together. If you need any help, contact Dr. Wilson or myself. Common Mistakes in Writing: Sentence Fragments The last major error that we encounter in writing is the sentence fragment. These are a bit trickier to solve than the other two issues, but you should have no problem as long as you take your time with them. Sentence Fragment--A part of a sentence that is punctuated as a complete sentence. It may lack a subject, a predicate, or both, or it may be a dependent clause. It can be fixed in one of three ways: He quit his job. And cleared out his desk. (the second sentence is wrong) This deals with a missing subject or predicate. These are usually the result of faulty punctuation of a compound predicate. Either add the subject, or change the punctuation to incorporate the fragment into the preceding sentence: He quite his job. And he cleared out his desk. Or: He quit his job and cleared out his desk. A missing or incomplete predicate is often the result of using a verbal instead of a finite verb. Usually, the best remedy is addition of a helping verb: Sheila waiting to see you. Becomes: Sheila is waiting to see you. Although a dependent clause has a subject and a predicate, it cannot stand alone as a sentence because it begins with a relativeShow MoreRelated: Common Mistakes in Essay Writing and How to Avoid Them1929 Words   |  8 PagesThe dirty dozen: common mistakes in essay writing and how to avoid them Undergraduate research essays generally suffer from particular problems. This brief document highlights the most common problems and what can be done to avoid such problems. If your essays ends up being afflicted with any of these problems, we will put a number (with a circle around it) that pertains back to the listed problems in this document. For example if you find the number ‘3’ written on your essay, it pertainsRead MoreSocial Awarness in Writing Essay653 Words   |  3 Pageshaste when they try to express their feelings verbally, however, in the case of writing those feelings, it becomes a challenge. It takes practice and commitment to improve ones writing; with this class I have been able to do so. Through this class, I have learned skills on how to properly express those feelings. In addition, this class was a big transition from high school, however, it has helped me to improve my writing skills. Even though I have improved, I still have weaknesses that I woul d hopeRead MoreIelts Writing1096 Words   |  5 PagesIELTS writing - the editing process [pic] Sunday, June 14, 2009 Posted by Dominic Cole [pic][pic][pic] Writing for IELTS is quite different from academic writing for at least one very good reason: timing. In IELTS you only have 60 minutes to produce two pieces of writing, there are no second chances and it isnt practical to draft and redraft. However, in IELTS you still need to find time to check your writing and edit it for mistakes. Here are some very practical suggestions on how to go aboutRead MoreI Am Proud Of What I Have Accomplished951 Words   |  4 Pagesand edit. As a sophomore, I have experience writing academic essays for UC Davis classes. I have come accustomed to in-class essays and short-answer paragraphs in lieu of the typical multiple-choice test. With the time limit on an in-class essay, I always felt rushed, and by the time I reached the conclusion I felt I was only repeating myself. By taking this course, I hoped to better prepare for these types of tests by fixing some of my common writing errors and growing more as a writer. After severalRead MoreCommon Grammar Mistakes . While Speaking, People Might891 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Grammar Mistakes While speaking, people might make mistakes about tenses, grammars or structures, especially for foreigners. The errors would continue to the written language. Hence, in this paper, I will discuss some grammatical errors of three papers from student paper 3, 5 and 10. The types of paper are different from each other, such as journal, summary and critique. Since different paper types have different structures and expressive methods, it is more precise to discover the commonRead MoreA Case Of Statutes Trumping Common Law845 Words   |  4 PagesThis is a case of statutes trumping Common Law. The seller would allege that there was a mistake in the advertisement and that, as advertisements are not offer, no contract was formed. This is a mistake, as the facts demonstrate; New Jersey Vehicle Code  § 4251 trumps the common law practices of offers and mistakes. Lonergan v. Scolnick tells us that advertisements are simply â€Å"manifestations of willingness to enter into a bargain,† but are not meant to â€Å"justify another person in understanding thatRead MoreEveryone Makes Mistakes - But Not in Grammar Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes mistakes,† leads to feelings of comfort in knowing we don’t have to worry about our misconceptions, but when it comes to diction, grammatical, and conventional errors there’s a lot to worry about. Whether it’s an error in speaking, in an email, in a printed piece of writing, in a social network status, or even in a text message those errors will reflect how you are perceived. When writing we always have a purpose and an audience, these two components can help determine the style of writing weRead MoreThe Importance Of Literary Elements In Literature1180 Words   |  5 Pages Over the past year our class has learned many things that have helped make us better readers an d writers. We have learned how to use common literary elements to help us read into a story beyond the text. From the first independent book we read to short stories we read together in class, we have all improved drastically as writers. The first thing we did in starting our English ten honors course was to pick an independent book to read over the summer. I picked The Da Vinci Code written by Dan BrownRead MoreFoundational Mistakes a Content Writer for a Website Must Not Make540 Words   |  3 PagesIt is the content writer that makes or breaks website traffic. But there are some foundational mistakes that a content writer must not make in order to do their job correctly. Being aware of these mistakes will make a content writer understand the essence of a top quality job is important. Making these mistakes will almost ensure that the website will not be attractive for anyone visiting it. Mistake 1. Do not be organized. This fact of life holds true for any type of profession that a personRead MorePersonal Reflection1353 Words   |  6 Pagesinto a better writer; educated me on how to begin the writing process, taught me a lot of different essay styles, and showed me the importance of receiving peer and external review. Ever since the first essay was assigned to us, I have become a better writer. Some of the common mistakes that I made in the first essay were: comma splices, run-ons, made paragraphs to long and had problems staying in the same tense. These mistakes were very common for me as a writer when I first started this course

Economics and Quantitative Analysis Demand and Employment

Questions: 1.Explain why real GDP might be an unreliable indicator of the standard of living. 2.Why does unemployment arise and what makes some unemployment unavoidable? 3.Consider the following statement: When the average level of prices of goods and services rises, inflation rises? Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 4. What is the aggregate demand (AD) curve and why does it slope downwards? Explain. 5.What is the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve and why is it vertical? Why does the short run aggregate supply curve slope upwards? Answers: 1. In order to measure the standard of living, real GDP is mostly used however; due to several causes, it can be misleading. This is mostly because real GDP does not comprise household production, useful activities performed in and around the house by the house owner. This in turn creates key measurement problem as these tasks are considered as an important element of the work of the individual. The underground economy as well as the economic activity that is legal is omitted by Real GDP (Fleurbaey and Blanchet 2015). It also does not include the measurement of health and life expectancy of an individual. Environmental harm is also barred from real GDP. Leisure time of an individual is also not a part of real GDP. Leisure time are valued by everyone and as a result, an increase in the leisure time enhances economic welfare of an individual that in turn lowers the well-being of the nation. Thus, it can be concluded that an economy that grows at the expense of its environment, misleadingly appears to offer greater economic wellbeing as compared to a similar economy that expands somewhat more slowly but at less environmental cost (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2015). 2. Unemployment is mostly considered as an e economic reality and even a healthy economy has a certain level of unemployment. Unemployment arises mostly due to government regulation. According to labor laws, employers require to pay certain amount of wages and provide health insurance as well as other benefits when they hire a certain number of workers. This in turn adds to the cost of every worker and forces companies to hire fewer workers and terminate existing employees in order to make the remaining workforce more reasonably priced. Unemployment also arise due to increased competition between trades that leads to unemployment as trades looks for ways to reduce their costs in order to enlarge expansion or draw investors. Increased automation is also considered as a major historical reason of unemployment that leads to job loss in some industries. Increased automation is also referred to as increased technology that displaces employees. On the other hand, assistance programs by gov ernments that offers financial help to the unemployed workers are mostly considered as the root reason for unemployment. In other words, a noteworthy portion of unemployment statistics refers to individuals who register as part of the labor force in order to receive benefits. The most common cause for structural unemployment is technological change. In the long-run demand for workers is larger as compared to the temporary demand. As a result, the rate of unemployment is larger as compared to its natural rate (Levine 2013). Unemployment is unavoidable because there are always people who enter the workforce looking for a job at any point in time. On the other had there are some individuals who stops looking for a job if they are not able to find any. Unemployment is also unavoidable due to the existence of depressed employees (Holzmann, Gcs and Winckler 2012). 3. It is agreed that when the average level of prices of goods and services rises, inflation rises. Inflation is considered as the rate of increase in prices over a given time period. Inflation represents the overall expense of the appropriate set of commodities and services over a certain time period. The cost of living of an individual depends on the average level of prices of goods and services. Inflation is all about the general increase in the prices of goods and services. The major inflationary trigger is the fall in unemployment or the increase in economic movement. Inflation leads to speculative purchasing that leads to wastage. The average increase in price is mostly associated with inflation that is increases in paper money (Woodford 2012). 4. In macroeconomics, aggregate demand indicates the total demand for completed goods as well as services in an economy at a specified time. It denotes the amounts of commodities and services that will be purchased at all possible level of prices. It is also indicated as the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It is also known as the effective demand however; at other times, this term is eminent (Gal 2013). The aggregate demand curve mostly slopes downwards due to three diverse effects, such as wealth effect of Pigou, interest rate effect of Keynes and exchange rate effect of Mundell-Fleming. Figure 1: aggregate demand curve slopes downwards (Source: Created by Author) According to the Pigou effect, a higher level of price indicates lower real wealth and as a result, lowers consumption spending. This in turn gives a lower amount of goods demanded in the aggregate. On the other hand, when prices fall an individual becomes wealthier, a circumstance that induces more customers spending. Therefore, a fall in the price level persuades customers to spend more, thus raising the aggregate demand. The Keynes effect on the other hand, states that a higher level of price implies lower real money supply and as a result, higher rates of interest results from fiscal market equilibrium. On the other hand, a low rate of interest raises the demand for investment as the cost of investment decreases with the rate of interest. The third cause that slopes the aggregate demand curve downwards is the exchange rate effect of Mundell-Fleming. Domestic investors mostly have a tendency to invest in foreign currency, if the domestic rate of interest is low as compared to inte rest rate available in foreign countries (Rao 2016). 5. The relationship between price level and output in the long-run is represented by the long-run aggregate supply. It differs from the short-run aggregate supply and is a presentation of potential output. Since LAS is considered as impending output, it is shifted by the factors that have an impact on impending output. These factors includes obtainable resources, capital, private enterprise as well as technological developments (Case, Fair and Oster 2012) Figure: LAS curve is vertical (Source: Created by Author) The LAS curve is vertical because, it indicates a potential output and when this takes place all prices, such as input prices, increases when an increase in price level takes place (Motyovszki 2013). Figure: SAS curve is upward sloping (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the SAS (short-run aggregate supply) curve is upward sloping as firms have a tendency to rise the level of price with the increase in demand and because in sale markets they are upward sloping curves. The two major theories that help to explain why the SAS curve is upward are the sticky-wage model and the sticky-price model (Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). References Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A., 2015. 5. Computing Bounty: GDP and Beyond1.Understanding the Growth Slowdown, p.87. Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S.M., 2012.Principles of economics. Prentice Hall,. Fleurbaey, M. and Blanchet, D., 2015. Book Review of Beyond GDP: Measuring Welfare and Assessing Sustainability. Gal, J., 2013. Notes for a new guide to Keynes (I): wages, aggregate demand, and employment.Journal of the European Economic Association,11(5), pp.973-1003. Holzmann, R., Gcs, J. and Winckler, G. eds., 2012.Output decline in Eastern Europe: unavoidable, external influence or homemade?(Vol. 34). Springer Science Business Media. Levine, L., 2013. The increase in unemployment since 2007: Is it cyclical or structural?.Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico,15(3), p.345. Motyovszki, G.E.R.G.?., 2013. The Evolution of the Phillips Curve Concepts and Their Implications for Economic Policy. Rao, B.B. ed., 2016.Aggregate demand and supply: a critique of orthodox macroeconomic modelling. Springer. Woodford, M., 2012.Inflation targeting and financial stability(No. w17967). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Differences in Health Traditions Between Different Cultures Essay Essay Example

Differences in Health Traditions Between Different Cultures Essay Essay Cultural Differences Heritage has been described as the way in which individuals identify, reflect and subscribe to their shared way of life through the lifestyle they lead. A heritage assessment tool is a dependable tool that can be used to analyze, restore, protect and maintain a persons cultural beliefs. Factors such as beliefs, norms, and values that an individual acknowledges and practice are subjected to study in the assessment of peoples heritage. This paper will offer a discussion on the appraisal of culture assessment as a cultural study tool on researching different families alongside their health traditions. The evaluation to be done on the different cultures, American, Hispanic and Indian differences and similarities to identify the different cultural perspectives on health restoration, maintenance, traditions, and promotion. The awareness of a culture is the persons cognizance of their cultural values, attitudes to health and their backgrounds. The Heritage Assessment Tool is an instrument that can be used in the healthcare industry to understand the patients beliefs and cultures before treating them hence an important tool to understand and analyze. The assessment tool comprises of 29 questions which have been answered by three different people from different cultures. They are from Guyana- Hispanic culture, Indian culture and American culture. The main issues being addressed include their childhood lives, their religious practices, their family attachments with relatives and how they live with their neighbors. It has also focused on beliefs and values at adult life. American Culture We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Health Traditions Between Different Cultures Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Health Traditions Between Different Cultures Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Health Traditions Between Different Cultures Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the cultures identified within the heritage assessment tool is the American culture, the authors culture. The origin of the individual is Georgia as both parents were born there. The grandparents on the other side are from Ireland and the United States. The person, therefore, is linked to different ethnic cultures which can be linked to different health traditions. The individual has grown up in an urban setting which indicates that she is used to the scientific norms of attending hospitals and health centers to seek proper health attention. There is the use of medication to maintain, promote and restore. In our family, we were raised to believe that good health is fostered by physical activity, good nutrition as well as thinking positively. As a child who has grown up in an urban setting, there is more emphasis on living healthily, eating food with the right nutrition and participating in exercises to keep ones body fit and healthy. Additionally, the preference of being a Pro testant indicates that there are Christian beliefs and values followed. On religion in the American culture, has been practicing religion at home and practices Bible reading as well as praying at home. A Christian religion indicates that there are beliefs on with a spiritual view on health restoration, maintenance, and promotion. Positive thinking, trusting in God, meditation and prayer are some of the cultural views the American culture has (Albala, 2011). There is also a traditional view of health as our culture has focused on the preparation of the foods from the ethnic community. It is believed that most of these foods are healthy and have positive impact on ones health hence can maintain and restore ones health when you are unwell on need medical attention. Guyana Culture The assessment of the Guyana culture which is a blend of Indian, African, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish cultures with a South American decent (Kittler, Sucher Nahikian-Nelms, 2012). The person has both parents and grandparents born in Guyana and has grown up in the rural settings. The family later relocated to the US when he was 17 years old and has maintained a close relationship with the extended family members such as the aunts and cousins majorly because raised in the rural area. He has no religious preference and has married a spouse with similar religion beliefs which would be easy for his family to have common health values and beliefs that are important in the restoration, maintenance, and promotion of health. Despite the lack of attending any religious institution, the religious practices done at home include Bible reading and good nutrition through proper diets. The individual claims that there is the preparation of food from his ethnic community which can be fostered by t he need to maintain the nutritional values of the traditional foods for good health. Additionally, the Guyanas are Native Americans, and some of their common practices include purifying rituals, use of herbal remedies, and consultation of healers to treat any illnesses. There is a spiritual belief on health as Bible reading is practiced. Therefore, the Guyana community have a belief in healing from God through healings encounters from various people in the Bible. It is clear that despite having the same ethnic background with the friends, they have different religious backgrounds thus the Guyana community has different beliefs on the spiritual perspective on health. Indian Culture The final assessment was from an Indian whose parents and grandparents are from India hence have an Indian culture. According to the Indian community, the older people consider health and wealth to be hugely related to the soul, body and mind hence can influence an individuals health. They have both traditional and modern perspectives of health maintenance, restoration, and promotion. The traditional ways the community focuses on health maintenance could be the use of yoga, participating in refreshing activities and flexible daily life routines (Doron Broom, 2013). The traditional beliefs on health include use of herbal medication and healing through shine while there are the modern culture where people seek medical attention today to seek health restoration and maintain good health. The relocation to the US at the age of 21 shows that the person had learned the cultural traditions all through his previous life where they lived with the parents, siblings, and grandparents. The relig ious preference is Baptist which indicates that there is a Christian perspective on health restoration and maintenance from God. Unlike the American and the Guyana assessments, this assessment shows a strong belief in religious practices as the participant is an active member of a religious institution and attends it weekly. On the other hand, there are religious practices practiced as home including celebrating religious holidays, Bible reading and praying. There is also a traditional maintenance on ethnic foods, and they can foster the health of the individual. Analysis Culture The review of the different cultures discussed above reveals that the Americans, Indians and Guyanas have differences and similarities in cultural beliefs on health practices. All the cultures ensure their maintain their ethnic food preferences, practice religious practices such as Bible reading and speaking and reading their native languages indicating that they are well-versed with the traditional values of their different cultures. Religious practices indicate that they have spiritual perspectives on a supreme being taking care of their health and restoring it when they are not well. However, the Indian culture seems more bonded to religious practices than the Guyana and American participants because he occasionally attends a religious institution, unlike the rest who practice it at home only. Conclusion on Differences of Cultures In conclusion, the Heritage Assessment Tool has enabled one to understand and analyze the different culture beliefs the Americans, Indians and Guyanas have on health practices. Despite having similarities such as a focus on ethnic foods and practicing religious beliefs for the three cultures, the Indian seems more focused on the religious practices as the Indian participant is active religiously unlike the rest. The health practices of the three cultures are influenced by the traditional practices, the modern cultures and the religious practices of the different communities. References Albala, K. (2011). Food cultures of the world encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. Doron, A., Broom, A. (2013). Health, culture and religion in South Asia: Critical perspectives. Routledge. Kittler, P. G., Sucher, K., Nahikian-Nelms, M. (2012). Food and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.